clothianidin products

Bobwhite quail eggshell thickness was affected when the test birds were given a diet consisting of relatively large amounts of clothianidin-treated seeds. Bees disappeared at the level of 1 ng for clothianidin, while we could register the first bee losses for imidacloprid at doses exceeding 3 ng. HEs ]Ye5KU 0 [14], Although nicotine has been used as a pesticide for over 200 years it degraded too rapidly in the environment and lacked the selectivity to be very useful in large-scale agricultural situations. o>zFhx#r2&agf s\fp`wlZpI2H@oh?= $KQ|wXYy%r>2JGH'Z F$ ]Z^7F? However, in order to address this problem, the neonicotinoids (chloronicotinyl insecticides) were developed as a substitute of nicotine. [62], Laboratory and field testing shows that clothianidin is persistent and mobile in the environment, stable to hydrolysis, and has potential to leach to ground water and be transported via runoff to surface water bodies. X0n&p)G Ooze Tube Professional Tree Establishment patented system specifically engineered to establish trees in under-irrigated sites with minimal cost and maximum survival. 0000003415 00000 n The petitioners state that they are aware that the EPA has moved up its registration review of clothianidin and other neonicotinoids in response to concerns about their impacts on pollinators, however they note that this process is projected by the EPA to take six to eight years and is thus grossly insufficient to address the urgency of the threat to pollinators. These reports prompted a formal peer review by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), which stated in January 2013 that neonicotinoids, including clothianidin, pose an unacceptably high risk to bees, and that the industry-sponsored science upon which regulatory agencies' claims of safety have relied on may be flawed and contain several data gaps not previously considered. EFSA published its evaluations on 18 November 2021 and concluded that all emergency authorisations were justified. Clothianidin Insecticides Don't settle for insecticides that give up control early. All rights reserved. Their review concluded, "A high acute risk to honey bees was identified from exposure via dust drift for the seed treatment uses in maize, oilseed rape and cereals. USEPA's analysis of nine pollinator field studies submitted concluded that three were invalid, so EPA did not use the data they provided in making its regulatory decision for clothianidin. 0000003599 00000 n [3][4][10] The Pest Management Regulatory Agency of Canada lists clothianidin as "moderately toxic" to birds. [51] Studies submitted by Bayer AG to USEPA have provided some useful information about clothianidin's potential long-term effects on honey bees but outstanding questions remain. [11], Honey bees pollinate crops responsible for about a third of the human diet; about $224 billion worth of crops worldwide. The study was not completed until 2007. hbbd```b``"HF0Y"Y.HB0 V&YH It has helped prevent insect pests build up resistance to organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides. 47 55 150 0 obj <>stream 0000016416 00000 n "[7][64] In April 2013, the European Union voted for a two-year restriction on neonicotinoid insecticides. Toxicity varies depending on whether the exposure occurs on a short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic) basis. 0000093600 00000 n 114 0 obj <> endobj <> kg/acre or mg/seed), requiring buffer zones around treated fields to protect water supplies, and prohibiting the use of low-technology seed treatment methods or equipment that can send clouds of clothianidin dust or spray up into the air during seeding operations.[3][4][22][63]. For another neonicotinoid, acetamiprid, EFSA established a low risk to bees. 138 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<49441D6E4FBFA544B82B02DAEFB21778>]/Index[114 37]/Info 113 0 R/Length 112/Prev 139280/Root 115 0 R/Size 151/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream endstream endobj 100 0 obj <>/Size 47/Type/XRef>>stream A ban or further restrictions of this substance is therefore neither scientifically nor legally appropriate. leaves), systemic pesticides are taken up by the plant and transported throughout the plant (leaves, flowers, roots and stems, as well as pollen and nectar), Neonics are much more toxic to invertebrates, like insects, than they are to mammals, birds and other higher organisms, Neonics affect the central nervous system of insects, leading to eventual paralysis and death, They are also common in veterinary applications such as tick control and flea collars for pets. Grandevo WDG Bioinsecticide Miticide is a new water dispersible granule formation that contains several active compounds that repel, stop feeding, reduce reproduction and induce mortality to prevent the development of damaging populations of sucking and chewing insects, flies and mites. %%EOF Following the restrictions on the three neonics in 2013, several Member States have repeatedly granted emergency authorisations for some of the restricted uses. Field tests found that foraging bees flying through dust released during the planting of corn seeds coated with neonicotinoid insecticides may encounter exposure high enough to be lethal. 2 0 obj [67], In February 2018, the European Food Safety Authority published a new report indicating that neonicotinoids pose a serious danger to both honey bees and wild bees. 0000016271 00000 n e"CP=hyquntEQ+ .bQ !R0O@%h Eight nations voted against the motion, including the British government which argued that the science was incomplete. 0000133393 00000 n Clothianidin and other neonicotinoids act on the central nervous system of insects as an agonist of nAChR, the same receptor as acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter that stimulates and activating post-synaptic acetylcholine receptors but not inhibiting AChE. Therefore, the Commission services maintained the proposals to completely ban the outdoor uses of the three active substances and these were supported by a qualified majority of Member States in the Regulatory Committee on 27 April 2018. 0000002373 00000 n In pneumatic drilling machines, seeds are sucked in, causing the erosion of fragments of the insecticide shell, which are then expelled with a current of air. dilution dissipation clothianidin [4][8][9][10][11][12][13], Clothianidin has been prequalified for indoor residual spraying by the World Health Organization in 2017. EU[*@qtVw?#FQQ)6@e$ r3>KZzzzq&Np \`HMyt1 v{@zy{i*{tS?d@jqQ^0dS+?#I|TfLYuc2>DALinbMpgEG70^N0`}Or,$b? "[7], Clothianidin is authorized for spray, dust, soil drench (for uptake via plant roots), injectable liquid (into tree limbs and trunks, sugar cane stalks etc. bnh~G]_ [37][38][39][40] To reduce the risk to pollinators from acute exposure to clothianidin sprays, label instructions prohibit the use of these products when crops or weeds are in bloom and pollinators are nearby, but in the U.S. label instructions do not require the use of a "sticker", a sticking agent meant to reduce dust from treated seeds during planting. 0000134003 00000 n V\-92$ 51fmdF#8[f3ftUe trailer y ]'!#1CbbVCP(3o?ym>Uw. 0000157932 00000 n } [3][4][22], Permissible amounts of clothianidin residue on food and animal feed vary from crop to crop and nation to nation. 0000157074 00000 n stream =E*}oOE G4@0#=GU2` 18 O:W=hAXF* M~V|>prGd3|t7wfN8y$T|Pe[NO+m(HBn zo,gLS\"vb XFR8*Lx2Ej0GMJC"}j6sNORZ't@%t>0H7/j$jX7%#6NS--tRvH[5e4?"ao? It poses lower risks to mammals, including humans, when compared to organophosphates and carbamates. 0000157524 00000 n [11], In the 2003 EPA report it was stated that although no water monitoring studies had been conducted, due to the extreme mobility and persistence of clothianidin in the environment, clothianidin has the properties of a chemical which could lead to widespread groundwater contamination should the registrant (e.g. While clothianidin may cause slight eye irritation, it is not expected to be a skin sensitizer or irritant. xref

0000092503 00000 n 0000003937 00000 n Consequently, the approval of these substances expired on 31 January 2019, 30 April 2019 and 1 December 2020, respectively. [19], Regulatory authorities describe the toxicological database for clothianidin as "extensive", and many studies have been reviewed to support registrations around the globe for this chemical. When extrapolated to humans, these results suggest that clothianidin is moderately toxic through oral exposure, but toxicity is low through skin contact or inhalation. This product is in short supply due to a global Glyphosate shortage. [60] Indicative of the rapid advance of regulators' understanding of pollinator science, USEPA first accepted one of the studies as sound science in 2007, then reclassified it as invalid in November 2010 only to reclassify it as supplemental one month later. It prohibits the use of these three neonicotinoids in bee-attractive crops (including maize, oilseed rape and sunflower) with the exception of uses in greenhouses, of treatment of some crops after flowering and of winter cereals. For mice, acute oral toxicity was moderate to high. 0000016771 00000 n 0000092267 00000 n 0000016595 00000 n 0000008448 00000 n clothianidin insecticide wdg 0000092759 00000 n The Commission closely monitors the possible relations between bee health and pesticides and is determined to take the most cautious approach possible to protect bees. Sublethal doses can affect orientation, foraging, learning ability and brood care. @>J.FsTAouv{`UHz 7n@yU-cs@LkK/!MpviyT^K{`*P$zczs7#8yY$ -CV0^@2s~flU6[cV I^NH$BLu:A$fFm=ICqlQ;C*~{]5]crin)8 rVeVs"2-WE5w(D~}z[ %PDF-1.6 % [3][4][5], According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), clothianidin's major risk concern is to nontarget insects (honey bees). However, in 2009, Germany suspended authorization for the use of clothianidin on corn, citing unanswered questions that remained about potential exposure of bees and other pollinators to neonicotinoid pesticides. 0000059246 00000 n As a result, all outdoor uses of the three substances are banned and only the use in permanent greenhouses remains possible.

They are chemically similar to nicotine, The name neonicotinoids is sometimes shortened to "neonics" or "NNIs", The first neonic was approved in the EU in 2005, Neonics are systemic pesticides. AE{L B0Q4Q)]b%YXDO>M>rHX :"n9_I+zx, /N8fRw}hf3p6NuTQ)Xt366uK,h2J0r8YjC>J=7>Bu3*^kStsERLbnDzBk\Iwa!lMom@w@GV5-3nYeS[!VN ~rxFAYg 0000157257 00000 n AXXE Broad Spectrum Herbicide, OMRI Listed, 2.5 Gal. The proposal was further discussed and presented to the Member States for opinion in the Regulatory Committee on 12 and 13 December 2017. EFSA has evaluated data collected in an open call for the review of the 2013 restrictions for the above-mentioned neonicotinoids as foreseen in Regulation (EU) No 485/2013. startxref The Commission is currently examining these reports. In particular, Romania, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Hungary, Finland, Latvia and Estonia applied for multiple derogations on major crops since the entry into force of the restrictions of use.

The suspensions are reflective of E.U. Talc is used in the vacuum system planters to keep pesticide treated seeds flowing freely and was studied by the investigators since the waste talc can be picked up by the wind, and could spread the pesticide to non-treated areas; they did not however investigate whether and how much pesticide spreads this way. In 2013, the Commission severely restricted the use of plant protection products and treated seeds containing three of these neonicotinoids (clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) to protect honeybees (see Regulation (EU) No 485/2013). ;*79KAf_pG:u\Pf@#oXvQbLb*GyxYw wf3ktdh( 7WH#:n.H;24|;1, G+'*p7TQH0A+5hM`|^eu!ks[;LVu7im>;hLd]Ykt-vNK~lOp7{R>i B]~lG)Vx ' XbAF)kjYb0@&.]om Gd6&0fSFHcX3b?Qpd)*N97I~ Copyright 2022 Forestry Distributing a Horizon Company. The insecticides were also consistently found at low levels in soil up to two years after treated seed was planted, and on nearby dandelion flowers and corn pollen gathered by the bees. Honey bees are thought to possibly be affected by such chemicals, which are known to work their way through the plant up into the flowers and leave residues in the nectar and pollen that bees forage on. "[45], In a 2012 study, scientists found that an analyses of bees found dead in and around hives from several apiaries in Indiana showed the presence of the neonicotinoid insecticides clothianidin and thiamethoxam. [66], Following on the release of the EFSA report in January 2013, the UK Parliament has asked manufacturer Bayer Cropscience to explain discrepancies in evidence they have submitted to an investigation. endstream endobj 48 0 obj <>/Metadata 3 0 R/Pages 2 0 R/StructTreeRoot 5 0 R/Type/Catalog/Lang(en-US)>> endobj 49 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Resources<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]>>/Type/Page>> endobj 50 0 obj <>/A<>/F 4/StructParent 1>> endobj 51 0 obj <>/A<>/F 4/StructParent 2>> endobj 52 0 obj <>/A<>/F 4/StructParent 3>> endobj 53 0 obj <>/A<>/F 4/StructParent 4>> endobj 54 0 obj <>/A<>/F 4/StructParent 5>> endobj 55 0 obj <>/A<>/F 4/StructParent 6>> endobj 56 0 obj <> endobj 57 0 obj <> endobj 58 0 obj <>stream 0000001946 00000 n The date was postponed to May 2005 and they also granted Bayer the permission it had sought to conduct its study on canola in Canada, instead of on corn in the United States. [29] Beginning in 2006, beekeepers in the United States began to report unexplained losses of hives 30 percent and upward leading to a phenomenon called colony collapse disorder (CCD). Rabbits showed little to no skin or eye irritation when exposed to clothianidin, and the skin of guinea pigs was not sensitized by it. %PDF-1.5 ;q\I&.hJK>`kpojV&+E{]ljm&S![A1GnUUR/:I3u#Zx&izMFUR [?CgNOo,3-7mJ&>(wrY6DHP g Z1yAh Gu2)H X$cbS3gc8ai{Ynf}M&K64sf-ypD'5+LV`fxAqb/@&kn";)k!f`8T`8` ) The Committee gave a favourable opinion on the draft Regulation with a qualified majority of Member States. [15] Followed by conditional registration by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in 2003, pending the completion of additional study of its safety to be done by December 2004. [35][36], Honey bees and other pollinators are particularly sensitive to clothianidin, as evidenced by the results of laboratory and field toxicity testing and demonstrated in acute poisoning incidents in France and Germany in 2008, and in Canada in 2010 and 2013[citation needed] associated with the planting of corn seeds treated with clothianidin. In a November 2007 memo EPA scientists declared the study scientifically sound, adding that it, satisfies the guideline requirements for a field toxicity test with honeybees.[3][16], Clothianidin continued to be sold under a conditional registration, and in April 2010 it was granted an unconditional registration for use as a seed treatment for corn and canola. It poses lower risks to mammals, including humans, when compared to organophosphates and carbamates. Worst-case scenario estimates indicate that if applied at the maximum rate repeatedly over years, clothianidin has the potential to accumulate in the top 15cm of soil. endobj 0000013110 00000 n 0000003230 00000 n The Commission and the Member States have examined these conclusions thoroughly and concluded that they confirm the already identified risks for outdoor uses. % This site is managed by the Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, Follow the European Commission on social media, Live animals: movements within the Union and entry into the EU, Animal products: movements within the Union and entry into the EU, The Commission closely monitors the possible relations between bee health and pesticides, Regulation restricting the use of imidacloprid, Regulation restricting the use of clothianidin, Regulation restricting the use of thiamethoxam, has been published in the Official Journal, the EFSA conclusion which was published at the beginning of 2019, emergency authorisations are publicly available, Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, Neonicotinoids are active substances used in plant protection products to control harmful insects, which means they are insecticides, The name literally means "new nicotine-like insecticides". The approval of a fifth neonicotinoid, thiacloprid was withdrawn on 3 February 2020. Get the best control and the longest-lasting residual out there. Following the assessment of this confirmatory information by EFSA of clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, the remaining outdoor uses could no longer be considered safe due to the identified risks to bees. Similar to thiamethoxam and imidacloprid, it is a neonicotinoid. To reduce the possibility that birds and small mammals might eat treated seeds, users are required to ensure that soil covers planted seeds and that any spilled seed is picked up. 0000009988 00000 n 0000003011 00000 n xbbbd`b`` + 47 0 obj <> endobj Neonicotinoids are a class of insecticides that are chemically similar to nicotine, which has been used as a pesticide since the late 1700s. [28], According to the EPA, clothianidin is practically non-toxic to test bird species that were fed relatively large doses of the chemical on an acute basis. Based on the EFSA conclusion which was published at the beginning of 2019 on the outcome of the peer review of the risk assessment conducted in view of a potential renewal, the Commission had proposed to the Member States in the Regulatory Committee not to renew the approval. In 2012, several peer reviewed independent studies were published showing that neonicotinoids, including clothianidin, had previously undetected routes of exposure affecting bees including through dust, pollen, and nectar; that sub-nanogram toxicity resulted in failure to return to the hive without immediate lethality, the primary symptom of colony collapse disorder; and showing environmental persistence in agricultural irrigation channels and soil. endstream endobj 115 0 obj <. Bayer or Takeda) had recently added new uses on the labels, including using the pesticide directly applied to the soil surface/foliage at much higher application rate than as specified in 2003. The research showed that the insecticides were present at high concentrations in waste talc that was exhausted from farm machinery during planting and that is left outside after cleaning the planting equipment. [6][43], A report released in 2012 found a close relationship between the deaths of bees and the use of pneumatic drilling machines for the sowing of corn seeds coated with clothianidin and other neonicotinoid insecticides. North American and European pesticide regulatory authorities have identified specific data gaps and uncertainties for which clothianidin manufacturers must provide data. "[44] Another field study released in 2012 looked at sublethal effects of clothianidin and imidacloprid in amounts that bees might be exposed to during foraging.

[68] In April 2018, the member states of the European Union decided to ban the three main neonicotinoids (clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) for all outdoor uses. However, in a 2012 statement the EPA reported that they are not aware of any data demonstrating that bee colonies are subject to elevated losses due to long-term exposure when clothianidin products are used at authorized rates. The Commission requested the Member States concerned to commit not to repeat the granting of the emergency authorisations in question, which two of the four accepted.

However, the Australian pesticide authority's review of rotational crop studies determined that clothianidin generally is not taken up by crops sown in fields where treated corn seeds were planted, even when the test corn seeds were coated with an intentionally large amount of the chemical (2mg/seed vs the authorized maximum application rate of 1.25mg). However, EPA assessments show that exposure to treated seeds through ingestion may result in chronic toxic risk to non-endangered and endangered small birds (e.g., songbirds). Aloft LC G Granular Insecticide with preventive and curative control, one application combats insect pests fast.Active Ingredient: Aloft LC SC Insecticide with preventive and curative control, one application combats insect pests fast. The Commission monitors closely this issue and had, in accordance with Article 53(2) of the legislation, mandated EFSA to examine the emergency authorisations granted in 2017 by those EU countries who repeatedly granted them before. v"#T&4+*to\Q| [42], A 2011 Congressional Research Report describing some of the reasons why scientists believe honey bee colonies are being affected by CCD reported that the United States Department of Agriculture had concluded in 2009, "it now seems clear that no single factor alone is responsible for the malady." The Regulation renewing the approval until 28 February 2033 has been published in the Official Journal of the European Union.

U G&CO=,{8*''gz9h=$G>0 Information from standard tests and field studies, as well as incident reports involving other neonicotinoid insecticides (e.g., imidacloprid) suggest the potential for long term toxic risk to honey bees and other beneficial insects. NGQ}`ba:R*6 [30][31][32][33], The Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority notes that clothianidin ranks "among the most highly acutely toxic insecticides to bees" through contact and oral exposure. 0000133555 00000 n 0000093351 00000 n They concluded: "The consequent acute lethal effect evidenced in all the field sowing experiments can be well compared with the colony loss phenomena widely reported by beekeepers in spring and often associated to corn sowing. :izI6Gk#~ J=(CRM 3d=8]_doDA Rene Johnson for the Congressional Research Service January 7, 2010, European Food Safety Authority (16 January 2013), Tania Rabesandratana for ScienceInsiderApril 29, 2013, risk to freshwater and estuarine/marine fish, Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, "Australian evaluation of the new active CLOTHIANIDIN", "Background Information On Use Of Neonicotinoid Pesticides And Their Effects On Bees", Congressional Research Service Honey Bee Colony Collapse Disorder, "Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for bees for the active substance clothianidin", "Registration Decision RD2013-14, Clutch 50 WDG, Arena 50 WDG and Clothianidin Insecticides", "Mode of Action Classification Table for Uk Approved Insecticide Active Substances", "Background Information On Use Of Neonicotinoid Pesticides And Their Effects On Bees, see Action in other Member States", "WHO Prequalification Vector Control SumiShield 50WG", Discovery and Development of aNovel Insecticide Clothianidin, Leaked document shows EPA allowed bee-toxic pesticide despite own scientists red flags | Grist, "USEPA Freedom of Information Act e-Reading Room for Clothianidin", "Clothinidin Status: 2010 Reclassification of Clothianidin Field Study for Pollinators", Emergency Citizen Petition to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Advice Summary, Application for Registration of a Chemical Product", "Advice Summary, Application for Variation of a Registered Chemical Product", "Evaluation Report ERC2011-01, Clutch 50 WDG, Arena 50 WDG and Clothianidin Insecticides", "Proposed Maximum Residue Limit PMRL2011-30, Clothianidin", "U.S. Federal Register Notice: Clothianidin; Pesticide Tolerances", "Keeping our Food Safe: Measuring, Monitoring and Assessing Residues", "Official Journal of the European Union, amending Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum residue levels for chlorothalonil clothianidin, difenoconazole, fenhexamid, flubendiamide, nicotine, spirotetramat, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam in or on certain products", UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY MEMORANDUMSUBJECT: Clothianidin Registration of Prosper T400 Seed Treatment on Mustard Seed (Oilseed and Condiment) and Poncho/Votivo Seed Treatment on Cotton, "'Pollination crisis' hitting India's vegetable farmers", "Australian evaluation of the new active CLOTHIANIDIN, p35", "Clothianidin Status web page, Risk Assessment and Risk Mitigation section", "Weakening, collapse and mortality of bee colonies, last bullet on p. 49", "Weakening, collapse and mortality of bee colonies, p.88", "Evaluation of Pesticide Incident Report 2010-3100", "Evaluation of Pesticide Incident Report 2010-3391", "Evaluation of Pesticide Incident Report 2010-4374", "Pesticide News Story: EPA Acts to Protect Bees", "Ecotoxicity of Neonicotinoid Insecticides to Bees", "Assessment of the Environmental Exposure of Honeybees to Particulate Matter Containing Neonicotinoid Insecticides Coming from Corn Coated Seeds", "RFID Tracking of Sublethal Effects of Two Neonicotinoid Insecticides on the Foraging Behavior of, "Researchers: Honeybee deaths linked to seed insecticide exposure", "Multiple Routes of Pesticide Exposure for Honey Bees Living Near Agricultural Fields", "Re-registration Requirements Following Further Annex I Inclusion Decisions, see Other updates section", "Weakening, collapse and mortality of bee colonies, pp.143-144", "Data Evaluation Record, Honey Bee - Field Testing for Pollinators MRID 45422440", "Data Evaluation Record, Honey Bee - Field Testing for Pollinators MRID 45422439", "Data Evaluation Record, Honey Bee - Field Testing for Pollinators MRID 45422431", "Data Evaluation Record, Honey Bee - Field Testing for Pollinators MRID 45422436", "Data Evaluation Record, Honey Bee - Field Testing for Pollinators MRID 45422437", "Data Evaluation Record, Honey Bee - Field Testing for Pollinators MRID 45422435", "Data Evaluation Record, Honey Bee - Field Testing for Pollinators MRID 45422438", "Data Evaluation Record, Honey Bee - Field Testing for Pollinators MRID 45422434", "Reclassification of MRID 46907801 Data Package for Clothianidin", "Data Evaluation Record, Honey Bee - Field Testing for Pollinators MRID 46907801/46907802", "January 24, 2011 International SETAC Pellston Workshop", "Notice of Approval Number: 0065 of 2011, Approval and Consent for a Plant Protection Product", "Assessment of the scientific information from the Italian project 'APENET' investigating effects on honeybees of coated maize seeds with some neonicotinoids and fipronil", European Commission Goes Ahead With Controversial Pesticide Ban, "Insecticide 'unacceptable' danger to bees, report finds", "Total ban on bee-harming pesticides likely after major new EU analysis", "EU agrees total ban on bee-harming pesticides ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clothianidin&oldid=1095731092, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, environmental persistence in soil and subsequent uptake in rotational crops, long-term effects on honey bees and other pollinators, acute toxicity to freshwater invertebrates, This page was last edited on 30 June 2022, at 01:25. maxforce impact roach bait gel insecticide nexles bayer

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