citrus essential oils list

distillation from the peel and solidsleft over Anti-inflammatory properties and chemical characterization of the essential oils of four. FOIA Kumquat EO showed antiproliferative action against human prostate cancer (LNCaP) cells via inducing apoptosis and inhibition of inflammation [161]. Sawamura M., Hasegawa K., Kashiwagi T., Nguyen Thi L.-P., Wada M., Kumagai C. Determination of bergapten in Japanese citrus essential oils. It showed a 100% singlet oxygen scavenging activity at all concentrations between 0.1 and 2% [20,78]. Matsumoto T., Kimura T., Hayashi T. Aromatic effects of a Japanese citrus fruit-yuzu (, Matsumoto T., Kimura T., Hayashi T. Does Japanese citrus fruit yuzu (. Evaluation of the antioxidant and antiproliferative potential of bioflavors. Biol.

Akhlaghi M., Shabanian G., Rafieian-Kopaei M., Parvin N., Saadat M., Akhlaghi M. Farshbaf-Khalili A., Kamalifard M., Namadian M. Comparison of the effect of lavender and bitter orange on anxiety in postmenopausal women: A triple-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Iturriaga L., Olabarrieta I., de Maran I.M. Navarra M., Ferlazzo N., Cirmi S., Trapasso E., Bramanti P., Lombardo G.E., Minciullo P.L., Calapai G., Gangemi S. Effects of bergamot essential oil and its extractive fractions on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell growth. Similar to diazepam, bergamot oil exerted anxiolytic-like behaviors and attenuated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity via reducing the corticosterone response to acute stress caused by EPM [140]. When female dental patients were exposed to sweet orange odor diffused in the waiting room prior to a dental procedure, they showed lower levels of state-anxiety compared to control patients who were exposed to air only [33]. Biological activities of lavender essential oil. It has been used in treating epilepsy and seizures [54]. It could be used in the treatment of dermatophytosis in animals [147]. about navigating our updated article layout. This review summarizes the important biological activities and safety considerations of the essential oils of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), neroli (Citrus aurantium), orange petitgrain (Citrus aurantium), mandarin (Citrus reticulata), lemon (Citrus limon), lime (Citrus aurantifolia), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), bergamot (Citrus bergamia), Yuzu (Citrus junos), and kumquat (Citrus japonica). The Complete Guide to Aromatherapy Brisbane. Kim H.J., Chen F., Wu C., Wang X., Chung H.Y., Jin Z. Because of its anti-obesity effects, grapefruit EO is called the dieters friend [116]. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies It was proven to be effective in reducing preoperative anxiety before minor operations [69]. Bigarade oil is produced from the outer Saiyudthong S., Mekseepralard C. Effect of Inhaling bergamot oil on depression-related behaviors in chronic stressed rats. -Pinene showed antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects [19,194]. Costa C.A.R.A., Cury T.C., Cassettari B.O., Takahira R.K., Florio J.C., Costa M. Yi L.-T., Xu H.-L., Feng J., Zhan X., Zhou L.-P., Cui C.-C. Involvement of monoaminergic systems in the antidepressant like effect of nobiletin. It also induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells due to the presence of citral, decanal, and octanal [28]. In addition, it has an intense larvicidal activity against the malaria vector, Anopheles labranchiae [46], and the vector of yellow and dengue fever, Aedes aegypti [47]. Bitter orange EO is used as a natural antiseizure and anticonvulsant agent. Neroli EO is used as a natural antiseizure and anticonvulsant agent [71]. It is also used to suppress the odor of Niboshi soup stock [154]. word of caution: citrus oils, which in aromatherapy are called Also, adding an antioxidant to preparations containing Citrus oils is recommended [8]. Inhalation of orange EO for 90 s caused a significant decrease in oxyhemoglobin concentration in the right prefrontal cortex of the brain which increases comfortable, relaxed, and natural feelings [30]. In the absence of UV light, bergamot oil is not carcinogenic and even low concentration sunscreens can completely inhibit bergapten-enhanced phototumorigenesis [172]. The distilled oils are not phototoxic, while the expressed oils carry a low to moderate risk of phototoxicity (Table 4) [167] due to the presence of furanocoumarins [168]. Citrus waste is a valuable source of d-limonene, flavonoids, carotenoids, dietary fibers, soluble sugars, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, polyphenols, ascorbic acid, methane, and essential oils [4,5,6].

Yuzu extract could be useful in treating heart failure as it prevents myocardial infarction (MI)-induced ventricular dysfunction and structural remodeling of myocardium [160]. Tirillini B. Neroli EO possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity against acute and chronic inflammation [73]. Major volatile components in essential oils of different Citrus spp. It is non-toxic, and is very minimally skin reactive [8]. Converting citrus wastes into value-added products: Economic and environmently friendly approaches. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. It is not mutagenic or genotoxic. No irritation or sensitization data were found for the expressed lime oil. Sensitivity to 35 essential oils. Furneri P.M., Mondello L., Mandalari G., Paolino D., Dugo P., Garozzo A., Bisignano G. In vitro antimycoplasmal activity of, Sawamura M., Wu Y., Fujiwara C., Urushibata M. Inhibitory effect of yuzu essential oil on the formation of, Hirota R., Roger N.N., Nakamura H., Song H.S., Sawamura M., Suganuma N. Anti-inflammatory effects of limonene from yuzu (. Ullah N., Khan M.A., Khan T., Ahmad W. Nephroprotective potentials of, Friedman M., Henika P.R., Levin C.E., Mandrell R.E. It also inhibits the growth of many fungi including Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus niger, A. parasiticus, Rhizoctonia solani, Candida albicans, and C. parapsilosis [111,113]. Kim S.H., Shin E.J., Hur H.J., Park J.H., Sung M.J., Kwon D.Y., Hwang J.T. Inhaling neroli odor enhances sexual desire [59]. Undiluted d-limonene was moderately irritating to rabbits [167]. Singh P., Shukla R., Prakash B., Kumar A., Singh S., Mishra P.K., Dubey N.K. Moreover, formulations based on orange and sweet basil oils were effective in treating acne [39]. It increased social interactions for rats (time spent in active social interaction), and increased exploration time in the open arms of the elevated plus-maze (EPM) [55]. Kumquat EO exhibits potent antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus laterosporus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, as well as antifungal effects against Candida albicans [163]. In addition, the oil was reported to have a good radical-scavenging activity [37], mainly due to the high d-limonene content [12,13]. PMC legacy view Santucci B., Cristaudo A., Cannistraci C., Picardo M. Contact dermatitis to fragrances. Bodake H.B., Panicker K.N., Kailaje V., Rao K.V. Smaller resolutions may cause the The rectified oil was not sensitizing when tested at 30% on 25 volunteers [173]. Lime EO has been used to relieve common cold, flu, asthma, arthritis, and bronchitis [111,164].

The largest Lime EO is used as a flavoring agent in syrups and suspensions [111,112]. Sweet orange, bitter orange, mandarin, and grapefruit EOs are rich in monoterpenes with the major component being d-limonene (65.395.9%) (Table 1) [8]. Camplo L.M., Moura Gonalves F.C., Feitosa C.M., de Freitas R.M. Antioxidant activity of. Verzera A., Trozzi A., Stagno dAlcontres I., Mondello L., Dugo G., Sebastiani E. The composition of the volatile fraction of calabrian bergamot essential oil. Dugo P., Mondello L., Proteggente A.R., Cavazza A., Dugo G. Oxygen heterocyclic compounds of bergamot essential oils. Mitropoulou G., Fitsiou E., Spyridopoulou K., Tiptiri-Kourpeti A., Bardouki H., Vamvakias M., Panas P., Chlichlia K., Pappa A., Kourkoutas Y. Viuda-Martos M., Ruiz-Navajas Y., Fernndez-Lpez J., Perez-lvarez J. Antifungal activity of lemon (, Ali N., Chhetri B., Dosoky N., Shari K., Al-Fahad A., Wessjohann L., Setzer W. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of. Unoxidized d-limonene was allergenic in 0.2% of dermatitis patients when tested at 23% [8]. It also induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells due to the presence of citral, decanal, and octanal [28]. The Ramadan W., Mourad B., Ibrahim S., Sonbol F. Oil of bitter orange: New topical antifungal agent. aromatherapy aromaqueen citrus It also enhances sleeping time and is used to treat insomnia [54]. Before It is not mutagenic or genotoxic [8]. The new PMC design is here! Komiya M., Takeuchi T., Harada E. Lemon oil vapor causes an anti-stress effect via modulating the 5-HT and DA activities in mice. It showed strong anxiolytic activity in rodents without any motor impairment, even after 15 consecutive days of treatment [55]. Neuropharmacology of the essential oil of bergamot. orange-flower water is a by-product of steam distillation. from the same plant using different extraction methods can be In addition, Citrus essential oils are valuable in the perfume, food, and beverage industries, and have also enjoyed use as aromatherapy and medicinal agents. government site. Raina A., Bland J., Doolittle M., Lax A., Folkins M., Raina A., Bland J., Doolittle M., Lax A., Boopathy R.A.J., et al. Unusual antioxidant behavior of alpha- and gamma-terpinene in protecting methyl linoleate, DNA, and erythrocyte. Proposals for the residues recovery: Orange waste as raw material for new products.

The finest oils are produced Anticoccidial efficacy of naringenin and a grapefruit peel extract in growing lambs naturally-infected with. Niijima A., Nagai K. Effect of Olfactory stimulation with flavor of grapefruit oil and lemon oil on the activity of sympathetic branch in the white adipose tissue of the epididymis. It caused no irritation when tested at 2% on 1200 dermatitis patients, with only two (0.17%) patients showing sensitivity reaction [170], whereas when tested at 10% in 590 eczema patients, 0.5% of the patients had reactions [171]. from sour orange. The oil also showed a considerable radical-scavenging activity evaluated by a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test [161,162] due to the high d-limonene content [12,13]. On the non-irritative compounded perfumes for soaps. Neroli EO is effective in reducing stress and improving the endocrine system. Matura M., Skold M., Borje A., Andersen K.E., Bruze M., Frosch P., Goossens A., Johansen J.D., Svedman C., White I.R., et al. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Ceccarelli I., Masi F., Fiorenzani P., Aloisi A.M. Evaluation of a three-exposure mouse bone marrow micronucleus protocol: Results with 49 chemicals. Mandarin EO was neither irritating nor sensitizing to 25 volunteers when tested at 5 and 8% [167]. It showed positive effects on the mood, blood pressure, pain, inflammation, bloating, and indigestion in addition to its anti-depressant effects [75]. Inhalation of the yuzu oil decreased total mood disturbance, tension-anxiety, anger-hostility, and fatigue, which are common premenstrual symptoms [152,153]. lines to overlap. Yip Y.B., Tam A.C.Y. Writing-Original Draft Preparation, N.S.D. Bergamot EO is used as a mild sedative that acts by calming and soothing the nervous system [139]. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Azanchi T., Shafaroodi H., Asgarpanah J. Anticonvulsant activity of, Rahnama S., Rabiei Z., Alibabaei Z., Mokhtari S., Rafieian-Kopaei M., Deris F. Antiamnesic activity of, Khodabakhsh P., Shafaroodi H., Asgarpanah J. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of, Choi S.Y., Kang P., Lee H.S., Seol G.H. The acute dermal LD50 of the mixed isomer terpineol was >3 g/kg in rabbits, while the acute oral LD50 was 4.3 g/kg in rats [167]. Mortelmans K., Haworth S., Lawlor T., Speck W., Tainer B., Zeiger E. Shelby M.D., Erexson G.L., Hook G.J., Tice R.R. Fragrance raw materials Monographs. Bergamot EO was reported to be cytotoxic against SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, suppressing their growth rate through a mechanism related to both apoptotic and necrotic cell death [133,134]. ex Tanaka), and kumquat (Citrus japonica Thunb). Grapefruit EO promotes body cleansing and removal of toxins and excess fluids [116]. It could be useful in weight loss and the treatment of drug-induced obesity and related diseases. Prolonged exposure (for 2 weeks) to lemon EO induces significant changes in neuronal circuits involved in anxiety and pain in rats [96]. Lime EO exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by reducing cell migration, cytokine production, and protein extravasation induced by carrageenan [110]. It was also effective against the larvae of the malaria vector, Anopheles labranchiae [46]. When applied to mice, then irradiated with UV light, bergamot oil showed a carcinogenic action due to the presence of bergapten [172]. confusing. Interestingly, the C. aurantium flower extract showed anti-amnesic and repairing effects on memory, learning impairments, and behavioral disorders induced by scopolamine, and has the potential to treat Alzheimers disease [72]. Oils can be extracted by steam distillation or cold expression. Intraplantar injection of bergamot EO, linalool, and linalyl acetate showed a peripheral antinociception effect in the capsaicin test mediated by a peripheral opioid mechanism [129,130]. Ruiz M.J., Juarez M.L., Alzogaray R.A., Arrighi F., Arroyo L., Gastaminza G., Willink E., del Valle Bardon A., Vera T. Toxic effect of citrus peel constituents on, Ivoke N., Ogbonna P.C., Ekeh F.N., Ezenwaji N.E., Atama C.I., Ejere V.C., Onoja U.S., Eyo J.E. To avoid oxidation of d-limonene, Citrus oils should be stored in a dark air-tight container and placed at 4 C [8]. Placzek M., Frmel W., Eberlein B., Gilbertz K.P., Przybilla B. Williamson E.M., Priestley C.M., Burgess I.F. The fragrance of grapefruit EO causes activation of the sympathetic nerve activity innervating the WAT, which facilitates lipolysis, then results in a suppression of body weight gain [92,115]. Due to its free radical-scavenging properties, bitter orange extract showed nephroprotective effects against gentamicin-induced renal damage [62]. Furthermore, bergamot EO showed a good radical scavenging activity evaluated by -carotene bleaching test (IC50 = 42.6 g/mL) [109] due to the high d-limonene content [12,13]. High doses of linalool cause ataxia and narcosis [185]. Raw materials range from buds, Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Australian tea tree (. Neroli EO is effective for cardiac palpitations resulting from shock or fear [68]. Bergamot (. Yuzu EO is useful in treating bronchial asthma due to its anti-inflammatory activities. With the exception of some phototoxicity of expressed oils, they are generally safe to use with negligible toxicity to humans. It significantly enhances the trans-epidermal release of -tocopherol (vitamin E), retinyl acetate (vitamin A), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) from topical emulsions in reconstructed human epidermis [101]. In addition, lemon EO is a potent antibacterial against Bacillus cereus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Listeria monocytogenes, Lactobacillus curvatus, L. sakei, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudococcus aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter gergoviae, E. ammnigenus, Staphylococcus aureus, S. carnosus, and S. xylosus [102,103], and a strong antifungal against Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Penicillium verrucosum, P. chrysogenum, Kluyveromyces fragilis, Rhodotorula rubra, Candida albicans, Hanseniaspora guilliermondii, and Debaryomyces hansenii [10]. process resembled oil in composition. It is neither toxic nor carcinogenic [8]. It showed phytotoxic activities against Avena fatua L., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv, Allium cepa L., and Phalaris minor Retz [113]. The acute oral LD50 of geranyl acetate is 6.33 g/kg in rats [183]. It is neither toxic nor irritable to skin. Yuzu extract was reported to exert anti-diabetic activity through increasing glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes by modulating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-) signaling pathways. Citrus fruits are consumed as a fresh fruit desert or used for making juice and jam. Ferhat M.A., Meklati B.Y., Smadja J., Chemat F. An improved microwave Clevenger apparatus for distillation of essential oils from orange peel. Martn M.A., Siles J.A., Chica A.F., Martn A. Biomethanization of orange peel waste. An example: sour orange oil is made fromcommon, Roberto D., Micucci P., Sebastian T., Graciela F., Anesini C. Antioxidant activity of limonene on normal murine lymphocytes: Relation to H. Kostova I., Bhatia S., Grigorov P., Balkansky S., Parmar V.S., Prasad A.K., Saso L. Coumarins as antioxidants. Chemical diversity, biological activity, and genetic aspects of three, Ammar A.H., Bouajila J., Lebrihi A., Mathieu F., Romdhane M., Zagrouba F. Chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of.

Nagai K., Niijima A., Horii Y., Shen J., Tanida M. Olfactory stimulatory with grapefruit and lavender oils change autonomic nerve activity and physiological function.

Lemon EO causes activation of the sympathetic nerve activity innervating the white adipose tissue (WAT), which increases lipolysis and results in the suppression of body weight gain [92]. IV.

Ezeonu F.C., Chidume G.I., Udedi S.C. Insecticidal properties of volatile extracts of orange peels. 8600 Rockville Pike Yuzu EO inhibited the formation of the carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in vegetables (by 2259%) and saliva (by 2462%) [149]. Evaluation of the effects of essential oil extracted from sweet orange peel (. Toxic profile of bergamot essential oil on survival and proliferation of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Bicas J.L., Neri-Numa I.A., Ruiz A.L., De Carvalho J.E., Pastore G.M. also used for obtaining Neroli oil fromflowers. An investigation and comparison of the bioactivity of selected essential oils on human lice and house dust mites. Moreover, sweet orange EO acted as a growth promoter, increased immunity, and improved disease resistance to Streptococcus iniae in Tilapia [52]. Chemical compositions of the peel essential oil of, Prez A., Alcala Y., Salem A.Z.M., Alberti A.B. will also be available for a limited time. are often carelessly used interchangeably.

Linalool is a sedative, an antidepressant, and an anticancer, antifungal, and pesticidal EO [177,178,179,180]. The presence of terpenes, flavonoids, carotenes, and coumarins is thought to be responsible for the strong anti-oxidative and antimicrobial activities [10,11,12,13,14].

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citrus essential oils list