Table 47.3. Recent studies have suggested that their mode of action is via their effect on lipid peroxidation and the inhibition of transport-associated phosphorylation of glucose. Penetrant fungicides usually maintain control for much longer periods of time (1421 days or longer) compared with contact/protectant fungicides and can move into new tissues during growth of the plant. However, turfgrass is established and maintained usually with a single or few cultivars and in many cases in less than optimal environments. Bromoethane and rindite, chemicals used for breaking tuber dormancy, were reported to have no significant effect on dry rot development (Coleman and Murphy, 1990). The signs of toxicity include hypokinesia, lethargy, hunched posture, body tremors, clonic convulsions, nasal hemorrhages, piloerection, staggering gait, and ataxia. Table 47.2 lists some of the most widely utilized contact/protectant fungicides on turfgrass, their structures, and the diseases they commonly control. Guinea pigs and cats did not show any evidence of teratogenic or other developmental toxicity (Khera, 1987). Contact/protectant fungicides are the next most diverse group (four fungicides) and control 15 separate fungal diseases. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. TBZ+imazalil showed variable efficacy (Carnegie et al., 1998). The following sections on disease, pest, and weed management are condensed largely from the Professional Guide for IPM in Turf (University of Massachusetts-Extension, 1999), 1998 Plant Protection and Fertilizer Usage Report [Golf Course Superintendents Association of America (GCSAA), 1998], and Racke (2000).
), pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.), caraway (Carum carvi L.), cassia (Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees), cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), dill (Anethum graveolens L.) and spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) essential oils showed less inhibitory activity (Gorris et al., 1994; Daferera et al., 2003). 
Unlikely to bioaccumulate in marine organisms. Fenamiphos is a restricted-use material that is a systemic nematicide effective against ecto- and endoparasitic, free-living, cyst-forming, and root-knot nematodes and is recommended for application with and without soil incorporation. Most fungicides have a protectant and systemic action and are effective if sprayed regularly with the leaves being well covered. Table 47.1. A common programme is to use, Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (Third Edition), University of Massachusetts-Extension, 1999, Golf Course Superintendents Association of America (GCSAA), 1998, Golf Course Superintendents Association of America (1998), Penetrant fungicides are absorbed by the plant to provide their control. Multi-site mode of action prevents resistance problem. Cymoxanil is a systemic product with protectant and curative activity against Oomycetes. Potato dumps and volunteers in neighbouring fields are important sources. Gupta, in Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, 2011. Exposure to ETU at the critical stages of pregnancy produced malformations in rats, predominantly those of the CNS. Thiram induced cleft palate in one study and developmental toxicity in another study. This group includes fosetyl-Al, metalaxyl, and propamocarb. As of 1998, 2,4-D was still the most widely used herbicide on turf (26% of total active ingredient applied), followed by glyphosate (11%), mecoprop (9%), pendimethalin (8%), MSMA (8%), triazines (6%), chlorothalonil (5%), benfin (3%), dicamba (2%), and other herbicides (19%) (Aspelin and Grube, 1999). Several organic and non-organic salts were shown to inhibit mycelial growth and spore germination of F. sambucinum and F. solani var. Some of the systemic fungicides may provide season-long control from a single preplant application. The fungicide is xylem-mobile and can be used as drench, soil incorporation, dip or foliar spray. coeruleum in vitro (Mecteau et al., 2002, 2008; Kolaei et al., 2012). In general, carbamic acid derivatives, except nabam, have low or moderate acute toxicity via the oral, dermal and respiratory routes. J. Marshall Clark, Michael P. Kenna, in Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (Third Edition), 2010. It can be used on Bermuda, St. Augustine, centipede, fescue, Kentucky blue, perennial rye, and Bahia grasses in commercial turf. Can be applied following germination or to established turf.
Propamocarb, sold as Banol and Previcur, is effective against Pythium, Phytophthora, downy mildews, some rusts, and others. Lastly, there are the more systemic penetrant fungicides for control of the oomycete diseases such Pythium blight. For the most efficacious control of crabgrass and annual grasses, the preemergence herbicides need to be applied prior to the germination of the annual grass seeds. LC was performed with a mobile-phase gradient and detection was by electrospray mass spectrometry in a positive ionization mode. In addition, new growth, which is not covered, is susceptible to fungal attack. These are recorded by the Meteorological Office, and information can be obtained by farmers by telephone or through the Internet. Fungicides for treating seed tubers are also used to control dry rot (Table 3). Crabgrass germination occurs when the soil temperature is maintained at least at 65F (18C) for at least 1 week, and the monitoring of soil temperature is an efficient way to time the application. Propamocarb is nonirritating to the eyes or skin.
In addition, high populations of nematodes can coexist with limited damage on turf, making the justification of application difficult. Proplantfungicide prevents and cures many Pythium diseases, including damping-off, cottony blight, grease spot and root rot. Locally absorbed fungicides, including chloroneb, iprodione, and vinclozolin, are absorbed into the leaf tissue and remain close to their point of entry. Home Proplant Fungicide (Propamocarb hydrochloride). Leakage out of the mycelium can be inhibited by the addition of sterols. Commercial product can be a soluble concentrate that may be mixed with water and used as a spray. Physical and toxicological properties may be affected by carrier solvents in commercial formulations. Insecticides such as acephate, bifenthin, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, and spinosad are effective treatment for surface-feeding insect pests.
Economoul, Botitsi, Antoniou, and Tsipi (2009) reported a multi-residue LC/MS/MS method for detection, confirmation and quantification of forty-six pesticides and transformation products in wines. imazalil, flutolanil, and pencycuron.
2000-2019 Advanced Turf Solutions, Inc. - All Rights Reserved. The powerful features of LC/MS, such as high efficient separation, identification, and quantification of polar analytes, make this technique very attractive to the field of pesticide residue analysis. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Ethylenethiuram monosulfide, the degradation product of the fungicide maneb, and parent compounds such as zineb and maneb, were teratogenic in rats but not in mice (Vergieva, 1984). Increases in enzyme activities and phenol and lignin contents associated with induced resistance mechanism were also observed in chitosan and -aminobutyric treated potatoes (Sun et al., 2008; Li et al., 2009b; Olivieri et al., 2009; Yin et al., 2010). Richard P. Pohanish, in Sittig's Handbook of Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals (Second Edition), 2015, Carbamic acid, [3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-, propyl ester, monohydrochloride; N-(-Dimethylaminopropyl)carbamic acid propyl ester, monohydrochloride; Propyl [3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbamate monohydrochloride, BANOL; PREVEX; PREVICUR N; SH-66752; TATTOO. Aluminium tris-O-ethylphosphonate (fosethyl-Al), known as Aliette, is a systemic organic phosphate compound used to control diseases caused by Peronosporales. Chitosan and -aminobutyric acid applications were also reported to reduce the lesion diameter of potato tuber inoculated with F. sulphureum and F. solani. Standard shipping rates and handling fees apply. The fungicide controls diseases at concentrations which have little or no effect on growth of the pathogens on artifical media. For subsurface insect pest control, insecticides such as acephate, chlorpyrifos, isazophos, and trichlorfon have provided good results. Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), thyme (Thymus capitatus Hoff. Limits of detection were in the range from 0.0003 to 0.003mg/L and limits of quantification ranged from 0.001 to 0.01mg/L. These fungicides alter thyroid hormone levels and/or weights. It has an active ingredient, 1,3-dichloropropene, which is highly volatile and must be applied by authorized operators. Growers can then respond by an application of fungicides; a wide range is available. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to maintain turfgrass in highly managed settings without fungicides. In some cases, foliar diseases (e.g., downy mildews and rusts) can be controlled by incorporating the fungicide (e.g., metalaxyl, triadimenol) into the fertilizer and applying them together before planting. Strains resistant to TBZ are however generally also resistant to thiophanate-methyl (Kawchuk et al., 1994; Holley and Kawchuk, 1996). May cause pitting of some metals. Volatile chemicals (fumigants) are often used to fumigate the soil before planting for reducing the inoculum of nematodes, fungi, and bacteria. ), dictamnus (Origanum dictamnus L.), and marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) essential oils inhibited completely the growth of F. coeruleum (Daferera et al., 2003) whereas lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Another GRAS compound, sodium silicate, showed a fungitoxic activity against F. sulphureum in vitro and contributed to limit dry rot lesions in vivo (Li et al., 2009a). The malformations produced by ETU exposure in vivo were those expected as a result of thyroid insufficiency. In particular, it has been shown that, in combination with tandem mass spectrometry (ion trap or triple quadrupole), LC is a very sensitive technique to reveal pesticide residues in juice and wine. Penetrant fungicides are absorbed by the plant to provide their control. When heated to decomposition or on contact with acids or acid fumes, it may produce highly toxic chloride fumes; deadly phosgene gas may be formed. Signal transduction, exchange of ions and substances through membranes, cell cycle and biogenesis of cell structures and other functions of organisms are controlled in this way. The disease spreads rapidly in warm, moist conditions which, when they occur, are known as Blight Periods. To reduce the risk of spores spreading from the leaves to the tubers, the haulms should be destroyed when about 70% have been killed by blight; this is especially important if heavy rain is expected (Table6.2). 
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