Mater. Energy 111, 414429. Int. The International Maritime Organization (IMO), a United Nations agency, has set targets to reduce its greenhouse gas emission by 50% in 2050 compared to the 2018 baseline emissions. Hydrogen transportation requires liquefaction, which energy intensive; while the alternative of hydrogen conversion into other carriers, such as ammonia, methanol, or organic liquid hydrogen is limited by the significant losses in yields. 103, 342360. Int. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.027, Jurez-Garca, M., Ponce-Ortega, J. M., and El-Halwagi, M. M. (2019). 55, 18451861. Chem. However, the detail of developing such multi-sector global symbiosis for green H2 economy in Qatar can be explored further. Table 2. Manage. So either they are stuck with the cleanest of the fossil fuels or they switch to decarbonised fuels like hydrogen or biogas.
J. Hydrogen Energy 43, 1368713699. Performance analysis and carbon reduction assessment of an integrated syngas purification process for the co-production of hydrogen and power in an integrated gasification combined cycle plant. (2020). 4. Eng. 105, 328347. But only around 6% of the produced H2 is for pure H2 demand, which indicates that it has a limited role in the global energy mix (see Figure 1). Energy Convers. It should be noted that there are different type of H2, and their classification is based on the source of production (see Figure 6). It should be noted that in certain situations, there are less direct benefits from collaborating with neighbors, but it may have some other benefits, such as enhancement in credibility, and facilitation of the permit. Technol. Eljack, F., and Kazi, M.-K. (2016). This strategic step will help Qatar take the lead in becoming a global HUB for H2. Energy 257:114024. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114024, Zareei, J., and Rohani, A. In Qatar, determining the insertion point that links the HSCN with the existing NG supply chain will be crucial. Hydrogen may be the missing link to provide high volumes of renewable energy for multiple sectors, which would otherwise have trouble decarbonizing via direct electrification, such as transportation, industry, and current use of natural gas. Int. Qatar has recently submitted an application to join IMO. Shipping energy mix forecast (DNV GL, 2017). Process Integr. Despite challenging computational aspects, stochastic or data-driven modeling can offer important advancements to the infrastructure of hydrogen supply chain problem (Nunes et al., 2015).
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.05.116, Helgeson, B., and Peter, J. The third layer includes all the production nodes (electrolysis, steam reforming, POX reforming, dry reforming with utilization of CO2, and emerging systems). J. Hydrogen Energy 45, 72667277. The distribution of this commodity to fuel stations on schedule and customer permanent access to hydrogen are therefore very important issues. J. Hydrogen Energy 44, 1507215086.
The second layer includes some secondary feedstock nodes (solar electricity, solar heat, and electricity from the power grid).
This is not a fairy story.
Its called grey hydrogen if it comes from gas, while the hydrogen produced from coal is called black. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.10.015, Ochoa Bique, A., and Zondervan, E. (2018). In this regard, Al-Haidous et al. Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, State of the Art, Perspective, and Recommendation on Hydrogen Economy, https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2020.612762, https://www.marinelink.com/news/imo-hydrogens-future-maritime-467713, https://www.gulf-times.com/story/613701/Qatar-submits-candidature-to-join-IMO-top-body, https://hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Hydrogen-scaling-up-Hydrogen-Council.pdf, https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-hydrogen, https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019, https://www.sintef.no/globalassets/sintef-industri/arrangement/hydrogen-safety-2019/11_large-scale-lh2-supply-chain-projecth2-gas-turbine-demonstration_k_morimoto_kawasaki_hi.pdf/, https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/19/01/2020/Qatar-to-build-800-MW-solar-power-plant-on-10-sqkm-plot, https://blog.ballard.com/hydrogen-fuel-safety, http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/qat181692E.pdf, https://blog.sintef.com/sintefenergy/elegancy-tno-h-vision-project/, https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/blueprint-prepared-for-australia-s-hydrogen-trade, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
DNV GL says oil & gas industry sees hydrogen as key to decarbonisation.
Synthesis of C-H-O symbiosis networks. (in press) have proposed a strategic framework for the design of a hydrogen supply chain network (HSCN) mainly investigating the potential of industrial decarbonization and multi-sectors integration (i.e., transportation, energy, and shipping) via green hydrogen economy. For decades, hydrogen has been a feedstock in a variety of main sectors of the industry. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.10.250, Zhang, C., Nguyen, C., Eljack, F., Linke, P., and El-Halwagi, M. M. (2018). The overall approach looks to model HSCN using a five-layered network that captures all the supply chain stages, more precisely, the first layer includes all the primary feedstock nodes (natural gas, waste stream, water, solar energy, and waste heat). Eng. Uncertainty is an inseparable part of hydrogen supply chain network. The gas is colour-coded according to the way it is produced, says the EBRDs Christian Carraretto. IEA (2019b). doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.11.091, Al-Nouss, A., and Eljack, F. (2019). 55, 20202034. Coupled with falling renewable energy costs, green hydrogen could fall to $1.5/kg by 2050 and possibly sub-$1/kg, making it competitive with natural gas. Blueprint Prepared for Australia's Hydrogen Trade. The hydrogen that the world uses today is made from either coal or natural gas. Hence overall, the process is not emission neutral, unless the use of alternative renewable sources is considered to reduce the energy penalties. Sci. Hydrogen Fuel Safety: Essential Facts for Transit Operators.
Hence, a move toward a hydrogen economy using integrated systems (including renewable energy) can offer energy providing nations an opportunity to reduce to their global emission. *Correspondence: Fadwa Eljack, fadwa.eljack@qu.edu.qa, Climate Change Mitigation and Environmental Benefit of Eco-Industrial Development and Regional Symbiosis Practices, View all
Hydrogen is a technically promising fuel for transportation. Hydrogen fire sensors usually work by ultraviolet or infrared sensors, as generally hydrogen fires do not emit visible light. 6. Decarbonizing China's energy system modeling the transformation of the electricity, transportation, heat, and industrial sectors. of other industries can be integrated with the hydrogen production facility which can reduce the overall footprint as well as the hydrogen production cost (Kazi et al., 2015, 2016, 2017; Eljack and Kazi, 2016). This is really on the edge of becoming a game-changer. Res. However, they also stressed that the world trade in hydrogen can give exporting and importing countries win-win opportunities, although the long-distance transport of hydrogen trading and multinational and cross-regional financing could become a further problem. Clean.
Recently, Kazi et al. Int. Qatar to build 800 MW solar power plant on 10 sqkm plot. Currently, it is one of the largest exporters of cleaner energy to the world. Figure 6. Another challenge is the higher production costs for green technologies such as electrolysis (green H2) are relatively high compared to established H2 production systems (gray H2). This refers to fuel cell vehicle (FCEV) applications and to investment in infrastructure. And thats why we see a lot of big players looking at it, pilot projects happening everywhere.. Pilot and demonstration projects for full implementation are needed to gain extensive experience with technical, economic and regulatory variables in real world situations. Some of these accidents are due to the lack of knowledge of cylinders or piping operating with gas, lack of understanding of the existence of hydrogen gas, or incorrect monitoring of the hydrogen in process equipment (Mirza et al., 2011). Portugal plans a new solar-powered hydrogen plant which will produce hydrogen by electrolysis by 2023. Strategic planning for the supply chain of aviation biofuel with consideration of hydrogen production. Secondly, scaling up is required to reduce the costs of hydrogen production (e.g., hundreds of megawatts to gigawatts). doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.060, Liu, H., Qu, J., Pan, M., Zhang, B., Chen, Q., and He, C. (2019). Many tradeoffs that exist within the Industrial sector that can be leveraged while considering integrated hydrogen production system using latest renewable energy technologies. Large scale LH2 supply chain project & H2 gas turbine demonstration. Des. (2020). (2020).
Very limited focus has been given for the export-oriented supply chain. Currently, HSC optimization has mostly focused on the transportation sector.
Theyre advocating investing in stimulating production, both to tackle the economic fallout of this years pandemic and to build a future without fear of climate cataclysm. (2019). doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.264, Keywords: hydrogen economy, Urban industrial symbiosis, climate change mitigation, multi-sector supply chain mapping, integrated hydrogen production, Citation: Eljack F and Kazi M-K (2021) Prospects and Challenges of Green Hydrogen Economy via Multi-Sector Global Symbiosis in Qatar.
Eng. Sustain.
doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b03938, Kazi, M.-K., Eljack, F., and Kazantzi, V. (2017). Prod. Besides, rising industrialization and urbanization, energy and resource intensive use, and land use patterns are some challenging factors for any standalone hydrogen production facility.
doi: 10.1007/s41660-018-0065-y. A computational fluid dynamics evaluation of unconfined hydrogen explosions in high pressure applications. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.06.007, Lasn, K., and Echtermeyer, A. T. (2014). Hydrogen production facility will be an integral part of the eco-industrial park.
Clean hydrogen is what the EU think is the solution to deliver on decarbonised fuels. Int. Protect. This framework enables the multi-scale targeting and integration of hydrocarbon processing systems. The approach in this integrated tunable system for Syngas production shows the value of maximizing the use of by-product or material stream and waste heat recovery in the valorization of H2 production. Hence green H2 costs are another challenge facing the H2 role in the energy mix (Shiva Kumar and Himabindu, 2019). Clean. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.038, Dawood, F., Anda, M., and Shafiullah, G. M. (2020). Int. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. But that is changing, because, for the past two years, improvements in renewable energy technology have seen renewable electricity costs plummet. Techno-economic-environmental study for recovery of novel water source within a power plant - desalination complex, in The 29th European Symposium on Computer-Aided Process Engineering (ESCAPE-29), eds A.
This gas exists. Mr Carraretto said: Here we are probably in the same situation as we were a decade or two ago with renewable energy, where this solution is still more expensive than the alternatives. The resulting formulation will be a mixed-integer non-linear programming optimization model that can readily include various objectives such as cost, environmental impact, safety, reliability, and resilience. Process Saf. At present, the hydrogen production using natural gas with the SMR is supposed to be the most cost-efficient alternative, maintaining a low carbon emission level (Moreno-Benito et al., 2017). In this regards, large industry (refineries, chemicals facilities, methanol production) and heavy-duty transport (large fleets of hydrogen buses, trucks, trains on non-electrified lines, and maritime, etc.) Qatar Second National Development Strategy 2018-2022. Res. Hydrogen mostly produced from hydrocarbon-based sources results in high carbon emission (gray H2).
Then there is blue hydrogen, an upgrade of the grey, where the CO2 emitted is captured upstream, so the system doesnt emit CO2 in the atmosphere.. Int. The energy outlook scenarios for 2050 are focused on meeting the Paris Agreement's targets of keeping the earth's temperature rise below 1.52.0 degrees Celsius. Development of multi-sector hydrogen supply chain mapping. Figure 8. Such as: Industrial energy efficiencies will be improved by utilizing the waste energy streams for the H2 generation. And the reason why its important is that not all economic activities can move to renewables only. Furthermore, Salem and Haouari (2017) investigated a three-echelon supply chain network design problem, where both the supply and the demand are stochastic. Process.
J. Hydrogen Energy 39, 1413214141. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.06.040. Evaluating hydrogen embrittlement, in Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection, eds S. D. Cramer and B. S. Jr. Covino (Novelty, OH: ASM International). Furthermore, the strategic policies, and investments are needed to support H2 to taking a bigger role in the world's energy mix for a greater implication on a global scale.
In order to achieve these targets, they mandated a shift from dependence on fossil fuels to an energy mix in the shipping sector that includes low carbon emitting fuels (see Figure 3) (DNV GL, 2017). A two-stage stochastic programming model for the optimal planning of a coal-to-liquids supply chain under demand uncertainty. Hydrogen production for energy: an overview. 200:112108. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112108, Noureldin, M. M. B., and El-Halwagi, M. M. (2015). DNV GL (2017). Table 1. In addition, the exact limitations of models' restriction cannot be specified by management and decision makers, because of the complex nature of such network design problems.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.05.276, Gener, E., and Agrawal, R. (2017). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Global natural gas providers such as Canada, Iran, Norway, Qatar, Russia, and the US that invest in carbon capture technologies can leverage their investments by venturing into blue H2 production. 203, 111.
Flagship Report. Furthermore, it is important to include environmental costs in the proposed model, as the hydrogen search focused on assuming that the energy was clean. Energy Policy 137:111137. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111137, Spallina, V., Motamedi, G., Gallucci, F., and van Sint Annaland, M. (2019). According to the Hydrogen Council, a United Nations entity under the World Economic Forum, Hydrogen is projected to contribute greatly to the transportation sector (around 150 MTPA), industrial sector (around 110 MTPA), followed by power generation (around 140 MTPA), and others. Recognizing the natural symbiotic relationship between the two sectors is important for the Qatari case and is unique compared to all other works in the literature. doi: 10.1007/s41660-018-0063-0, Zhou, X., Zhang, H., Qiu, R., Lv, M., Xiang, C., Long, Y., et al. Safety approach for composite pressure vessels for road transport of hydrogen. J. Hydrogen Energy 39, 67896801. Int. The European Commission has earmarked clean hydrogen - a loose term which can include gas-based hydrogen, if fitted with technology to capture the resulting emissions, as well as green hydrogen - as a priority area for industry in its Green Deal.
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