Before harvesting, plant height was measured from the surface of the pot to the tip of the longest leaf.
The biggest challenge for crop growers is to increase the efficiency of water use as this is essential to maintaining yield levels, especially when drought conditions are forecast [68]. Fungicides are designed to protect maize plants against disease, but some of the active substances used in preparations can also promote plant growth, which is known as the physiological effect.
Procedures and sources of error, Use of chlorophyll fluorescence assessments to differentiate corn hybrid response to variable water conditions.
Plants can also expel water from their cuticles; this feature depends on the species and their ability to conduct water from the cuticle [57].
Soler CMT, Hoogenboom G, Sentelhas PC., Duarte AP. Under drought conditions, Ambrosini functioned significantly better than KWS 1325; proven by the higher Yield and ETR parameter values (Fig 1A and 1B). The Ambrosini variety displayed a lower yield of leaves and stems. The Moreover, the highest values of gs, A and E were found in the first measurement before stress was induced in KWS 1325on control and with the use of preparation.
The measurement was carried out on plants protected with the preparation during the drought stress phase. Restoration of maize plants after magnesium starvation with the help of magnesium and Siapton. Maize is a sensitive crop and droughts can lead to severe losses. [55] indicate that pyraclostrobin induces the activity of ACC-synthase and synthesis of ethylene in wheat during stress and plant senescence. The non-stomatal mechanisms are characterised by disturbances in the processes of accumulation, transport, and distribution of assimilates, which in effect causes changes in chlorophyll synthesis or functional and structural changes in chloroplasts [58]. The plants had not been watered for 23 days and after showing severe symptoms of drought (leaf curl maintained 24 hours a day), measurements of their physiological status were performed.
The preparation had a positive impact on the chlorophyll content in the maize leaves. The height of Ambrosini plants (both in the control and treatment) was greater than the height of the KWS 1325 plants. The use of biostimulators has been shown to reduce crop yield loss and improve both crop yield and quality.
The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the biostimulatory activity of the fungicide pyraclostrobin (500 F) in combination with epoxiconazole on two maize varieties, i.e., conventional and stay-green, when subjected to drought stress. Physiological effects of strobilurin fungicides on plants, Publ. During the measurements to construct light response curves, photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was 1500, 1000, 700, 400, 200, 100, 50, and 0 mol m-2 s-1, adjusted automatically by a red-blue light-emitting diode (LED) light source (LCP Narrow Lamp, ADC BioScientific Ltd., UK).
Effects of drought stress on yield and yield components in maize cultivars (Zea mays L.), Response of maize single cross -10 to water deficits during silking and grain filling stages, Study effect drought stress and different levels potassium fertilizer on K accumulation in corn, Effect of potassium fertilizer on corn yield (Jeta cv.) White Hill Company provided support in the form of salary for author MHK, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Therefore, the effects of these products on conventional and stay-green maize varieties need to be better understood in order to reduce losses caused by droughts and to maximize production. Regeneration after drought stress increased the difference by up to 26.9%.
It is well accepted that photoinhibition is one of the primary physiological consequences of drought stress [50,69]. The heatmap of interactions between the mean values of plant photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters revealed similarities between Ambrosini plants treated with the preparation during drought stress and both varieties after regeneration.
The gain setting in the Fv/Fm Protocol was set at position 2 and at 5 in the Yield Protocol. Junqueira VB, Costa AC, Boff T, Mller C. Mendona MAC, Batista PF. In the KWS 1325 plants, no significant difference in A was observed during drought stress in the preparation-treated plants when compared to the control groups. Climatologists predict that over the next decades some areas will experience both an increase in the occurrence of drought and an escalation of flooding incidence [1]. The Ambrosini plants exhibited defensive reactions to stress as early as 48 hours after spraying with the preparation despite showing no real stress effects. The preparation used in this experiment belongs to the strobilurin class of agricultural fungicides that were initially developed to control fungal disease but also show growth promoting and yield enhancing qualities under field conditions. Baker and Bowyer [70] indicated that alterations in PSII activity under water stress are related to photoinhibition rather than to any direct damage to PSII. Importantly, the ETR parameter value increased on the fifth day after application and the observed response was independent of plant variety.
In both varieties, a significantly higher R parameter value was maintained even after the plants had regenerated (Table 3). Such restrictions can involve an inhibition or damage to the biochemical metabolism and photochemical reactions (PSII activity) [71,72,73].
Another solution to protect plants during drought is the application of polymers.
Euclidean distance measures and Ward hierarchical clustering were used to determine the dendrogram.
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Cornic G. Drought stress and high light effects on leaf photosynthesis.
Some effects in boosting yields have also been shown by Nelson and Meinhardt [47], Henry et al. Parameters: A- Quantum Yield of photosystem II (Yield), B- Electron Transport Rate (ETR), C- Stomatal conductance of H2O (gs; mmol m-2 s-1), D- Transpiration rate (E; mmol m-2 s-1 at a light intensity of 400 mol photon m-2 s-1), E- Photosynthetic rate (A; mol CO2 m-2 s-1 at a light intensity of 400 mol photon m-2 s-1), F- water use efficiency (WUE; evaluated during drought stress in plants of both varieties, depending on the preparation tested).
Formula (1) was used to determine plant water use efficiency (WUE): where A represents photosynthetic rate (mol CO2 m-2 s-1) and E represents transpiration rate (mmol H2O m-2 s-1). Most plant species, including maize, can defend themselves, adapt to adverse conditions, at least in part to avoid the impact of a stressor.
Changes in plant photosynthetic efficiency (estimated on the basis of chlorophyll fluorescence measurements) indicated that the plants showed a balanced energy expenditure strategy after the application of the fungicide preparation.
Consequently, plants need an enormous amount of water for growth [66], which can be compared to the amount of CO2 absorbed on a molar basis, although the amount of water transpired from leaves through their stomata was 5001000 times higher [67]. The authors thank the BASF company for generously providing the fungicides used in the trial.
Commonly, it has been shown that it is more difficult for maize to survive stress that occurs in late developmental stages (pollination and the grain filling stage), and which is associated with major losses of crop yield. It has been shown in many studies that biostimulators are able to alleviate the negative effects caused by climatic stress factors.
The Ambrosini variety contained more chlorophyll in its leaves and was more resistant to drought stress than the KWS 1325 variety. Our results confirmed the relationship between the chlorophyll content in the leaves and resistance to drought. An actinic source is a light source that drives photosynthesis. The remainder of the varieties in the drought stress phase were grouped together.
Therefore, there is a need for new solutions for the safe production of food, while maintaining respect for the environment. Distinct roles of electric and hydraulic signals on the reaction of leaf gas exchange upon re-irrigation in Zea mays L, The Effect of the Interaction between Genotypes and Drought Stress on the Superoxide Dismutase and Chlorophyll Content in Durum Wheat Landraces, Effect of Drought Stress on Leaf Chlorophyll in Corn Cultivars (Zea mays), Bioregulatory effects of the fungicidal strobilurin kresoxim methyl in wheat (Triticum aestivum).
As a result, the mass gain of the KWS 1325 plants was similar to that of the Ambrosini plants.
Previous studies have also shown that plants react differently to drought stress depending on the genotype [37,38].
Before Blandino M, Galeazzi M, Savoia W, Reyneri A.
As strobilurin fungicides cause the photosynthetic active leaf area to stay green for longer, this may be the main factor in increased yields [65]. Grams TEE, Koziolek C, Lautner SL, et al. Currently, it has been shown that some biostimulators can protect plants from stress by increasing the energy production of plants, accelerating cytoplasm flow in cells and tissues, stabilising the products of biochemical reactions, and maximising the effectiveness of natural hormone synthesis [12,13]. The new PMC design is here! Recent studies have shown that chlorophyll fluorescence together with photosynthesis can better explain the differentiation that occurs in maize varieties.
de Souza TC, Magalhaes PC., de Castro EM, et al.
Reference H2O) were kept as ambient conditions.
It has been shown that they change metabolism pathways and regulate phytohormonal levels to overcome stress. The saturation source was a 35W halogen lamp.
It is important that the intensity of the measuring light is set sufficiently high to induce a fluorescence signal appropriate for photosynthetic yield measurements in light adapted samples.
Khle H, Grossmann K., Jabs T, et al.
Drought has been assessed as one of the major reasons for crop failure, reducing global average crop yields by 50% or more [2]. However, it is difficult to predict the exact moment that drought will occur, so effective and long-acting preparations have been sought by crop growers. Notably, the E value for the Ambrosini plants was 78% higher than for the KWS 1325 plants (Fig 1D).
The pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole preparation increased stomatal conductance and photosynthesis intensity in the Ambrosini plants. In both varieties, the use of the preparation increased respiration rates, although the increase in respiration in the Ambrosini plants was observed to be much higher. a; bhomogeneous groups (Tukeys test).
The stomata in the Ambrosini plants were opened more widely. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, GUID:95CDF28F-EC4F-44D7-B88E-3C6A08FAC63D.
[, Effects of a triazolic fungicide on maize plant metabolism: modifications of transcript abundance in resistance-related pathways. Their action delays leaf senescence, increases nitrate uptake, regulates phytohormonal levels to overcome stress and alleviates oxidative plant stress [17, 18].
The application of the preparation stimulated synthesis of chlorophyll in the leaves. [49] in wheat, corn, soybean and other crops. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Furthermore, the authors indicated that using pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole at the recommended dose did not cause toxic effects [59]. Souza RP, Machado EC, Silva JAB, Lagaa AMMA, Silveirac AG.
Water deficit during these periods can lead to a severe loss in maize yield and its components. Impact of Water Stress on Maize Grown OffSeason in a Subtropical Environment, Responses of plants to environmental stresses. The observations made on the Ambrosini variety were different; as this variety exhibited higher Yield and ETR parameter values than KWS 1325. [43] reported that water stress induced through, during and after the flowering phases decreased corn yield by 21%, 5%, 25%, respectively, in comparison to control plants.
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In the literature, some studies document a positive plant response with only slight side effects, or even the lack of any such reaction. Similar reactions were not observed in the KWS 1325 plants.
The preparation was applied to KWS 1325 (conventional) and Ambrosini (stay-green) varieties at the recommended dose, three times in greenhouse conditions. 1
Przybysz A, Maecka-Przybysz M, Sowiski A, Gawroska H. The effect of Asahi SL on growth, efficiency of photosynthetic apparatus and yield of field grown oil seed rape. In the Ambrosini variety, the use of the preparation boosted both photosynthesis and transpiration rates under drought conditions.
Moreover, the preparation stimulated the growth of plants of both varieties. During drought stress, the Ec value for the Ambrosini variety in the control group was 69.8 mol m-2 s-1 higher than in the KWS 1325 plants. The yield of PSII (expressed by the Yield parameter) was 13.1% higher in the Ambrosini plants than in the KWS 1325 plants (Fig 1A).
Recent studies have revealed an information transfer between roots and shoot during rehydration after drought stress, in the form of electric and hydraulic signals that could elicit subsequent physiological control of net CO2 uptake.
Rybka K, Nita Z. Run 13) in the greenhouse of the Department of Agronomy at the University of Life Sciences in Poznan in 20132014 (Table 1).
PE = (Pmax*E) /(Km+E), where PE is the photosynthetic rate at any irradiance E, E is the spectral irradiance (in mol m-2 s-1), and Km is the half saturation constant (Ek) when PE = Pmax/2.
The soil water content was reduced to 86% (w/w, pF = 3.2); a level barely accessible by the plants, but not exceeding the permanent wilting point.
Expression of this diversity can be noticed in drought conditions especially if fluorescence and gas exchange are measured together [74,75]. Water, radiation, salt, and other stresses. After spraying with the preparation, the Ambrosini variety showed a significantly higher level of dry matter yield of maize cob buds (1.04 g per plant).
As a result, plants achieve greater biomass production and yields [54]. ns no statistically significant influence on tested trait (p > 0.05).
During the initial measurement, the stay-green Ambrosini plant showed a significantly higher quantum yield of photochemical reaction (Yield) and ETR values than the KWS 1325 variety (Table 2, Fig 1).
In KWS 1325, those parameters tended to remain higher than values observed before the start of the experiment. This is important in the case of C4 plants where WUE is twice as high as in C3 plants (where 1.32 g of dry matter production requires 1 kg of water). The inhibition of photosynthesis is known as the first physiological result of drought stress [50].
official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Such factors include extreme temperature and drought, or chemical factors, such as salinity or even environmental pollution [9,10]. UEPG Ci.
After the experiment, the dry matter weight of both varieties and the buds of the Ambrosini cobs increased by 1.04 g per plant, respectively. The biomass of each part of the plant is the final result of the efficiency of physiological processes that occur in the plant during the vegetative phase.
The sprayer was fitted with a set of Tee Jet flat spray nozzles (type DGTJ60 11003) with an output of 305 L / ha at an operating pressure of 0.35 MPa.
about navigating our updated article layout. One possibility to deal with the effect of drought stress is to reduce the negative impact of water deficiency through the use of biostimulators, which support plant tolerance during stress in the vegetative period.
The second-order factor was the use of a preparation: (133 g / L) pyraclostrobin (F 500) together with (50 g / L) epoxiconazole suspo-emulsion (SE) (1.5 L / ha) foliar spray application and pure control (without preparation).
Pelah D, Wang W, Altman A, Shoseyov O, Bartels D. Differential accumulation of water stress-related proteins, sucrose synthase and soluble sugars in Populus species that differ in their water stress response. Modern phenotypes of cereals for growing in areas endangered with drought.
As a period of drought increases, the photosynthetic rate of the plants continues to decrease and is the main factor for the subsequent reduction of yield [51,52].
In similar experiments, the application of pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole fungicides in maize did not cause changes in stomatal conductance, although the authors suggested that the plants were not under stress [59]. Anyamba A, Small JL, Britch SC, Tucker CJ, Pak EW, Reynolds CA, et al. In this work, we did not focus on the reduction of yield due to drought stress but were more interested in plant protection and the preservation of productivity under drought stress. The application of the preparation caused an increase in the Yield parameter value, which was observed on the third day after application.
The KWS 1325 plant variety exhibited a greater increase than the Ambrosini variety. Ambrosini is a variety where the processes of mitochondrial respiration (parameter R) during drought stress tend to be more intense than in KWS 1325 plants (Table 3).
The results were statistically analysed with Statistica 10 software. The mechanism described above protected the plants subjected to drought stress to some extent.
An analysis of foliar fungicide use in corn, APSnet Features 2011, 10.1094/APSnetFeature-2011-0531. An overview. The effects of the preparation were more clearly observed in the stay-green Ambrosini variety than in the conventional KWS 1325 variety. Water use efficiency (WUE) was 0.43 higher in the Ambrosini plants after preparation applied,.
The Ambrosini plants produced a significantly greater weight of cob buds, while the KWS 1325 variety produced higher whole plant biomass compared with the control plants. Plant photosynthetic efficiency (ETR and Yield parameters) during the drought stress phase and after regeneration was significantly higher than in the control plants. Maize shows variable sensitivity to drought at some critical periods: the productivity stage [41], or in bracketing flowering [42].
The mechanisms of dissipation and photoprotection in the two maize varieties in our study were different. Chlorophyll Content Index (CCI) in the leaves of Ambrosini was greater than in the leaves of KWS 1325 (Table 2).
A heatmap was used to show the lowest and highest parameter values.
In the period from sowing to the start of induced drought, the maize plants were maintained in optimal conditions.
Objects: KWS 1325_ control (K_C), Ambrosini _ control (A_C), KWS 1325 + preparation (K+P), Ambrosini + preparation (A+P).
Measurements of the physiological status of the plants were always performed on the 11th leaf of the plants. The conditions in the greenhouse while conducting the experiments were as follows: photoperiod- 16 h light / 8 h dark; temperature- 2530C.
After a period of regeneration, the varietal differences expressed by Yield and ETR were statistically insignificant (p = 0.8577) (Table 2).
The applied preparation caused a strong reaction on the stomata of the Ambrosini plants. and transmitted securely.
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The use of pyraclostrobin in combination with epoxiconazole three days before inducing drought stress improved the efficiency of photosynthesis in the tested maize varieties. Bertelsen JR, Neergaard ED, Smedegaard-Petersen V. Fungicidal effects of azoxystrobin and epoxiconazole on phyllosphere fungi, senescence and yield of winter wheat, Water stress. 3rd Int. When maintained under a high light intensity, the variety used increased efficiency and exchanged excessive energy in the form of thermal energy to protect the maize leaf from light-induced damage under drought stress. Swoboda and Pedersen [46] also reported that growth of soybean was enhanced by a foliar spray of pyraclostrobin. During continuous drought, plants attempt to protect themselves against transpiration by closing their stomata [56].
Chlorophyll molecules in a leaf absorb light energy, which results in various reactions.
Stomatal conductance of Ambrosini plants growing under drought stress and treated with the preparation was increased more than threefold (from 0.006 to 0.019) in comparison with the control group.
Then, 5 maize kernels were laid on the soil and covered with a new layer of soil. Environment and Plant Metabolism: Flexibility and Acclimation, Leaf enlargement and metabolic rates in com. For decades, plant breeders of strategic species have worked on this problem, and have introduced new plant varieties that are less susceptible to drought.
In the literature, cultivars that are resistant or show more tolerance to stress have been shown to have a greater chlorophyll potential yield [61,62,63].
In both varieties, the use of the preparation boosted the respiratory processes significantly. The preparations are described as remedies for all problems, as they support plant growth and may also be used in organic farming [5]. At lower light intensity values, the KWS 1325 variety exhibited more intense photosynthesis rates (Ec and the theoretical point of light saturation).
As such, the regeneration process was promoted to some extent as those plants were less stressed. The parameters describing the function shown above were determined by minimising the sum of squares of errors.
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