Moreover, it provides important baseline data that can be used to underpin the development of health-promotion programmes of benefit to Sudanese women. Sudan is a multi-ethnic, multicultural African nation; it has recently emerged from decades of civil war and unrest that have significantly impacted its economic development and political stability. 20 ( 7): 777780. The study centred on young, university-educated women, and it is evident that more work has to be done to capture the views of other age, class and religious groups of women. What was evident was that, for some, it remained important to conform to these standards, for they reaped rewards that were of value, both to their self-worth and to their professional and familial prospects. Over time and with scientific developments, women started using fewer of these natural substances and switched to new products and chemicals, in the belief they are more efficient in achieving similar results. The health risks associated with PPD poisoning include severe allergic reactions such as angioedema, acute kidney injury, rhabdomyolysis, flaccid paralysis, gastro- intestinal symptoms, and heart and renal failure. An evaluation of the Tripartite Influence Model of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance with adolescent girls. Informed consent was gained from each participant prior to the interviews.
Nevertheless, the study reported here adds to an under-studied area of body image within the context of the developing world in general and Sudan in particular. New York. al, 2014; Peregrino, et al, 2011), hydroquinone (Amponsah , et al 2014) and corticosteroids (Gaudianoa et al., 2010).
Journal of Environ Sci Eng. However, clear changes have taken place in the methods used to gain weight, and to lighten and decorate the skin. In Sudan, there is a long-established practice of applying black-henna skin decoration. Projects. Psychology of Women Quarterly. The findings reveal that other traditional practices continue to be valued and cherished, such as striving for a large body type and light skin.
Kooyers TJ. The response to this societal focus by the participants varied. These new products and their efficiency come at a high cost to health; they are increasingly risky and have a negative impact on women. Several factors play a role in shaping a persons perception of the ideal body image, and their thoughts and feelings about their own body. Stice E (1994) Review of the evidence for a sociocultural model of bulimia nervosa and an exploration of the mechanisms of action.
Although the data was collected in 2006, recent evidence shows these practices remain of importance to young women; there remains a need to explore the range of drivers behind such practices and how best to address their harmful impacts (Yousif et.
Mernissi F (1991) Women and Islam: An Historical and Theological Enquiry. Body Image issue Vol.1: 23725. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Poisoning Linked to Skin Products. Khartoum: Karmal. Also participants had the right not to answer any question. The study adds to our knowledge of how beauty practices are perceived by women in Sudan, and of the role of place and socio-cultural factors. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21 (2): 173206. Skin lightening refers to attempts to lighten skin colour (Kooyers,et.al 2006). Keery H, van den Berg P, Thompson K (2004). 16 (2):503-9. The findings are presented as three interrelated themes: In response to general questions on the dominant perceptions of beauty in Sudan, many of the participants noted the changing nature of what is considered beautiful and acceptable in Sudanese society. Hunter M (2002) if youre light youre alright light skin color as social capital for women of color.
In the past, methods used to achieve beauty standards were simple and relied more on natural resources. Available at: Batnitzky A (2011) 'Cultural constructions of obesity: Understanding body size, social class and gender in Morocco', Health & Place, 7 (1 ): 345352. Of equal importance is the socio-cultural model of influence: the tripartite influence model (TIM) developed by Thompson et al. However, for the majority of the participants, skin lightening and the other beauty practices were important, and part of their daily lives.
For example, the participant 14 (aged 21 years) said: . Thompson JK, Stice E (2004) 'Thin-ideal internalization: Mounting evidence for a new risk factor for body-image disturbance and eating pathology', in Oltmanns T.F. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 female students from universities across Khartoum. Each culture has a set of general beliefs about what constitutes femininity, female attractiveness, and beauty (Durn, 2013). Some participants used a mixture of a number of creams made by shopkeepers; these comprised unidentified creams with unknown adverse effects: , It is important to note that not all the participants used skin-lightening products. Unlike the idealisation of a slim figure (Stice, 1994; Thompson and Stice, 2004) and tanned skin that prevails in many modern Western societies (Phelan, 2002; Cafri et al., 2006), the dominant social perception of female physical attractiveness in many parts of Africa is to be largebodied, and to have skin that is light in colour (AL Qauhiz 2010; Yousif et. Poetics 36 (1): 223. The journal encourages advancements in the areas mentioned above in the form of research articles, reviews, commentaries, case studies and letters to the editors. All the participants perceived its application as being unique and beautiful, and an important symbol not only of Sudanese society but also of being married: .
Gaudianoa M, Lucenteb D, Antoniellaa E, Bertocchia P, Mulerib N, Mannaa L, Bartolomeia M, Alimontia S, Valvoa L and Rodomonte A, (2010) For export only medicines come back to Europe: A RP-LC method for the screening of six glucocorticoids in illegal and counterfeit anti-inflammatory an lightening creams', Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 53 (2):158164. Several reasons were given as to the importance of a large body size. These authors concluded that the use of skin bleaching creams among these girls was associated with high levels of ignorance.
The practices of a number of participants and their friends highlight this point: The process aims not only to attain a lighter skin colour but also to avoid tanning or the skin becoming darker. Milton Keynes: Open University. 47 (4 ): 344-53. 13 (3):236-41. The last practice described by the women was that of skin lightening. In terms of socio-economic background, all participants fell in the range of middle-class Sudanese. Tove J, Swami V, Furnham A, and Mangalparsad R (2006) Changing perceptions of attractiveness as observers are exposed to a different culture. Twenty-five women agreed to take part, and 19 actually took part. For some, the main method was maintaining a very sedentary lifestyle, although methods were often used in combination depending on how fast the weight had to be gained or to what extent the woman believed she would reach her desired goal. Kiawi E, Edwards R, Shu J, Unwin N, Kamadjeu R, and Claude Mbanya J, (2006) knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour relating to diabetes and its main risk factors among urban residents in Cameroon: a qualitative survey. According to most participants, a range of methods were used to gain weight: tablets, injections (including insulin), herbal tablets and high-calorie diets. (1990) Body images: Development, deviance and change. A key aspect of this particular positioning is the notion of the female body as a central signifier of Sudanese culture, with womens roles positioned within the context of Islamic conventions of sexual ethics, and within the domestic sphere. Follow us on @ScimagoJRScimago Lab, Copyright 2007-2022.
Women in some parts of the world choose or are forced to gain weight in order to conform to feminine beauty parameters idealised by society (Kiawi et al., 2006; Batnitzky, 2011; Benkeser, et al 2012); in this study, induced weight gain refers to methods used to accomplish a societally desirable body weight. Follow us on @ScimagoJRScimago Lab, Copyright 2007-2022. Idris (2005), in his book on slavery, race and formational identities, indicates that the historical and ongoing process of racialisation that is, how ideas about race are mapped onto particular groups or categories of populations in Sudan has continued, with certain identities that are seen as African being placed in a subordinate position to other groups that are privileged to be Arabs. The approach to data analysis was fundamentally inductive and interpretative, and drew on the six phases of thematic analysis that were developed by Braun and Clarke (2006), who claim that such analysis can be understood as a valuable and flexible approach to research and an appropriate tool for the rich and detailed interpretation of data. Clinical Psychology Review, 14 (7): 633661. These creams were the most commonly applied to the body and combined with the use of soaps and tablets. For instance, face scarifying and lip tattooing do not feature in the modern Sudanese female-body ideal; hence, these beauty rituals are practised less and less, although they remain important in the history of Sudan. 35 (2):218237. The editorial Tracking system facilitates a user friendly article submission, review and publication. The fear of becoming dark in skin colour was influential in persuading women to avoid the sun as much as possible, covering all of their body, and use creams and powder. Data Source: Scopus, Metrics based on Scopus data as of April 2022, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous), Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous), Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous), Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Immunology and Microbiology (miscellaneous), Management Science and Operations Research, Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology, Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (miscellaneous), Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, Political Science and International Relations, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings, Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine and Biotechnology, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Translational Vision Science and Technology, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part B Applied Biomaterials, IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part A, Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News, Biomedical Physics and Engineering Express, Lecture Notes in Computational Vision and Biomechanics, Journal of diabetes science and technology, Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery. al 2014; Benkeser, et al 2012). Int J Environ Res Public Health; 8 (6 ): 2516-23. The interviews were conducted and transcribed in Arabic, translated into English, and examined using thematic analysis. The data-analysis process was supported by NVivo 9 software. al 2014).
Participants used the expressions full-figured, not too fat, not too thin and medium-sized to refer to the ideal body weight for women in Sudanese society. Accordingly, the dynamic process of conceptualising female physical beauty in Sudan, the beautification practices and the methods used to achieve beauty have changed and evolved over time. In doing so, there has been constant minimisation and ignoring of the African elements of Sudanese culture. Fabos A (2008) Resisting Blackness Muslim Arab Sudanese in the Diaspora. [Online]. A short demographic questionnaire was also used to capture age, university, faculty and address; this was administered prior to the start of each interview. This paper reports on a study that investigated body-image perceptions and the beauty practices, such as skin lightening, black-henna application and purposively induced weight gain, of young, educated Sudanese women. The concept of race (Winant, 2000) remains a key social construction and significant influence on Sudanese society. Mercury can be absorbed into the bloodstream, causing damage to the kidneys, liver and brain, potentially leading to organ failure. As in the past, there were other features such as long hair, a small nose, medium height (being neither too short nor too tall), wide eyes and a rounded, well-proportioned face that were seen to further enhance beauty: .
Amponsah D, Voegborlo R and Sebiawu G. (2014) Determination of Amount of Hydroquinone in some selected Skin-lightening Creams sold in the Ghanaian Market. To date, few studies have investigated body ideation and body-image perception in developing countries. Each student was asked if theyd wish to take part in the study. These beliefs are embedded in societies, shaped by societal factors, and thus variable in time and place. Also important is the work by Cash and Pruzinsky (1990), Grogan (2008) Vandenbosch, (2012) and others on body-image perception and the range of actions people take in modifying their body and regulating their behaviour. Appointments for the interviews were booked with those who agreed to participate. (2012) Mercury content in low cost skin lightening cream products. With the move away from less harsh, traditional methods, this has led to the widespread use of chemicals and skin-bleaching products. Participants in this study were higher and secondary school students in central Sudan. Participant 7( aged 20 years), reported that . Naser J, Kirm I. These practices underpinned what it meant to be a Sudanese woman, as well as what it took to be considered desirable and of worth in a society where womens position and role remained unequal to mens in law, custom and politics. Current directions in abnormal psychology. The paper explores these students views of dominant notions of beauty, and their own rituals and practices.
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