eye tracking studies psychology

Radiology, 103, 523528. Identifying concrete metrics for use in competency assessment is critical for understanding and guiding professional development from novices to experts (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986; Green et al., 2009). Mason, L., Pluchino, P., & Tornatora, M. C. (2015). Thus, one can only be truly certain that successful recognition has occurred (i.e., mapping a perceived feature to an accurate knowledge structure) if converging evidence is gathered during the interpretive process. While decision-related errors may not be readily detected in existing eye-tracking metrics, some recent research suggests that relatively disorganized movements of the eyes over a visual image may indicate higher workload, decision uncertainty, and a higher likelihood of errors (Bruny, Haga, Houck, & Taylor, 2017; Fabio et al., 2015). Academic Emergency Medicine, 15, 641648. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.17.5.718. Broadly speaking, these include visual search and pattern matching, hypothesis generation and testing, and reasoning and problem-solving. Evaluation of the effect of feedforward training displays of search strategy on visual search performance. Kundel, H. L., Nodine, C. F., Krupinski, E. A., & Mello-Thoms, C. (2008). Google Scholar. Neider, M. B., Chen, X., Dickinson, C. A., Brennan, S. E., & Zelinsky, G. G. J.

Can eye-tracking metrics be used to better pair radiologists in a mammogram reading task? Eye tracking has been instrumental in demonstrating that fewer than half of interpretive errors are attributed to failed search, suggesting that most interpretive errors arise during recognition and decision-making (Al-Moteri et al., 2017; Carmody et al., 1980; Nodine & Kundel, 1987; Samuel, Kundel, Nodine, & Toto, 1995). Most notably, Evans and colleagues compared performance under typical laboratory conditions, where target prevalence is high (50% of cases), and when the same cases were inserted into regular workflow, where target prevalence is low (<1% of cases) they found that false-negative rates were substantially elevated at low target prevalence (Evans et al., 2013). Medical Teacher, 29, 642647. The earliest research examining eye tracking for feedback in medicine leveraged the concept of perceptual feedback, which involves showing an observer the regions they tended to focus on during an image interpretation (Kundel, Nodine, & Krupinski, 1990). Bruny, T. T., Carney, P. A., Allison, K. H., Shapiro, L. G., Weaver, D. L., & Elmore, J. G. (2014). European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, 16, 161166. Henderson, J. M., & Hollingworth, A. An eye-tracking study involving stroke cases. Buettner, R. (2013). (1991). Covert shifts of attention function as an implicit aid to insight. The impact of expert visual guidance on trainee visual search strategy, visual attention and motor skills. A search error would be evidenced by a failure to fixate on a nodule, and a recognition or decision error would occur when a fixation on a nodule is not followed by a successful identification and diagnosis. Jarodzka, H., Scheiter, K., Gerjets, P., & van Gog, T. (2010). Thomas, L. E., & Lleras, A. Laeng, B., Sirois, S., & Gredeback, G. (2012). (1988). The urgency to look: prompt saccades to the benefit of perception. Gur, D., Sumkin, J. H., Rockette, H. E., Ganott, M., Hakim, C., Hardesty, L., Wallace, L. (2004). PubMed https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40942-4-4. Privitera, C. M., Renninger, L. W., Carney, T., Klein, S., & Aguilar, M. (2010). The Milestones initiative is intended to provide concrete educational milestones for use in assessment of medical competencies during graduate and post-graduate medical education (Swing et al., 2013). Dissociation of spatial attention and saccade preparation. https://dx.doi.org/10.1197%2Fjamia.M1123. https://doi.org/10.1080/01421590701746983. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199539789.013.0022. Tourassi, G. D., Mazurowski, M. A., Harrawood, B. P., & Krupinski, E. A. Cain, M. S., & Mitroff, S. R. (2013). Rich, A. N., Kunar, M. A., Van Wert, M. J., Hidalgo-Sotelo, B., Horowitz, T. S., & Wolfe, J. M. (2008). The extent to which a medical image contains visually salient features that are irrelevant for accurate interpretation may make it more likely a novice pathologist or neurologist will be distracted by those features and possibly fail to detect critical but lower-salience image features. (2005). Treisman, A., & Gelade, G. (1980). https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2017.1391373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-012-2400-7. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.10.2.252. It is also worth pointing out that many hospitals are introducing mandatory consultative expert second opinions for quality assurance purposes. (2005). Visual search of mammographic images: influence of lesion subtlety. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Varying target prevalence reveals two dissociable decision criteria in visual search.

In Proceedings of the ACM Multimedia Conference (ACMMM), (pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-009-9098-7. Fixations are momentary pauses of eye gaze at a spatial location for a minimum amount of time (e.g., >99ms), and the movements between successive fixations are called saccades (Liversedge & Findlay, 2000). Specifically, detecting a lung nodule on a radiograph did not adversely affect the subsequent detection of additional lung nodules; however, it did alter observers willingness to report the detected nodules. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2014.07.011. Context bias: a problem in diagnostic radiology. For instance, subtle visual cues, such as a momentary flash of light in a specific scene region, can selectively orient attention to that region for further inspection (Danziger, Kingstone, & Snyder, 1998). Medical Physics, 37, 57285736. Ashraf, H., Sodergren, M. H., Merali, N., Mylonas, G., Singh, H., & Darzi, A. New England Journal of Medicine, 366, 10511056. Specifically, expert cueing can help a novice calibrate the relevance and importance of a region (Litchfield et al., 2010), which can be complemented by an experts verbal narration. (2010). Cain, M. S., Adamo, S. H., & Mitroff, S. R. (2013). The risk is that after finding a single target a diagnostician may terminate search prematurely and fail to detect a target with higher value for a correct diagnosis. First, cueing attention toward relevant features during a training activity can promote more selective attention to cued areas and help observers remember the cued information and allocate less mental energy to the non-cued areas (De Koning, Tabbers, Rikers, & Paas, 2009). Eye tracking has the potential to revolutionize clinical practice and medical education, with far-reaching implications for the development of automated competency assessments (Bond et al., 2014; Krupinski, Graham, & Weinstein, 2013; Richstone et al., 2010; Tien et al., 2014), advanced clinical tutorials (e.g., watching an experts eye movements over an image; (Khan et al., 2012; OMeara et al., 2015)), biologically inspired artificial intelligence to enhance computer-aided diagnosis (Buettner, 2013; Young & Stark, 1963), and the automated detection and mitigation of emergent interpretive errors during the diagnostic process (Ratwani & Trafton, 2011; Tourassi, Mazurowski, Harrawood, & Krupinski, 2010; Voisin, Pinto, Morin-Ducote, Hudson, & Tourassi, 2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(92)90019-A. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 3, 28. https://doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202290. These explicit feature recognitions can then be assessed for their accuracy and predictive value toward accurate diagnosis. A. Jarodzka, H., Balslev, T., Holmqvist, K., Nystrm, M., Scheiter, K., Gerjets, P., & Eika, B. A real-time eye tracking system for predicting and preventing postcompletion errors. Higher fixation entropy might indicate relative uncertainty in the diagnostic decision-making process. (2011).

https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199910000-00065. ), Models of working memory: mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control, (pp. In our discussion of search errors, we noted that working memory may be critical for helping an observer maintain previously viewed features in memory while exploring the remainder of an image and associating subsequently identified features with features stored in working memory (Cain et al., 2013; Cain & Mitroff, 2013). Memory for found targets interferes with subsequent performance in multiple-target visual search. Other theories suggest that hypotheses are formed early on and then tested during image inspection (Ledley & Lusted, 1959); it is important to point out that novices and experts may reason very differently during case interpretation, and one or both of these approaches may prove appropriate for different observers. Custers, E. J. F. M. (2015). Rubin, G. D. (2015). One way of parsing eye movements into successful versus failed recognition of diagnostically relevant features is to assess fixation durations on critical image regions (Kundel & Nodine, 1978; Mello-Thoms et al., 2005). More recently, Berbaum and colleagues demonstrated that satisfaction of search alone may not adequately describe the search process (Berbaum et al., 2015; Krupinski, Berbaum, Schartz, Caldwell, & Madsen, 2017). Kronz, J. D., Westra, W. H., & Epstein, J. I. In some cases, a hypothesis may exist prior to visual inspection of an image (Ledley & Lusted, 1959). Montagnini, A., & Chelazzi, L. (2005). Eye guidance and visual information processing. ONeill, E. C., Kong, Y. X. G., Connell, P. P., Ong, D. N., Haymes, S. A., Coote, M. A., & Crowston, J. G. (2011). Recognition is an example of attentional mechanisms working together to dynamically guide attention toward features that may be of diagnostic relevance and mapping them to stored knowledge. Psychological Science, 15(5), 302306. In this manner, the task demands working-memory storage (to memorize the words) while also processing distracting arithmetic problems. Part of Visual skills in airport-security screening. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(1), 614. Los Altos: Morgan Kaufmann. Some research demonstrates that individual differences in working memory capacity predict hypothesis generation and verification processes in a task involving customer order predictions (Dougherty & Hunter, 2003). (1959). https://doi.org/10.1080/01421590220120713. Indeed, many medical images are becoming more complex and dynamic; for example, interpreting live and replayed coronary angiograms, simulated dynamic patients during training, or navigating multiple layers of volumetric chest x-rays (Drew, V, & Wolfe, 2013; Rubin, 2015). Sumner, P. (2011). Swing, S. R. (2007). Evans, K. K., Birdwell, R. L., & Wolfe, J. M. (2013). Feedback-giving behaviour in performance evaluations during clinical clerkships. More research is needed to understand whether EMMEs promote only near-transfer, or whether multiple EMME experiences can promote relatively far-transfer by promoting perceptual differentiation of features, accurate feature recognition, and more accurate and efficient mapping of features to candidate diagnoses. Evaluation of two new ecological interface approaches for the anesthesia workplace. In mammography, recent research demonstrates that tracking eye movements and using machine-learning techniques can predict most diagnostic errors prior to their occurrence, making it possible to automatically provide cueing or feedback to trainees during image inspection (Voisin et al., 2013). Differences in eye tracking and gaze patterns between trainees and experts reading plain film bunion radiographs. Cognitive Science, 8, 255273. Journal of Sleep Research, 15, 4753. Together, resource depletion, low target prevalence, satisfaction of search, and distraction may account for search errors occurring across a range of disciplines involving medical image interpretation. Current Biology, 16, 19051910. Is working memory capacity task dependent? Use of eye-tracking technology in clinical reasoning: a systematic review. Eye tracking is a critical tool for recognizing and quantifying attention toward distracting image regions and has been instrumental in identifying this source of search failure among relatively novice diagnosticians. Both your intention and mine are reflected in the kinematics of my reach-to-grasp movement. (1982). https://doi.org/10.1016/0885-2014(91)90049-J. When and where do we apply what we learn? PLoS One, 9(8). Academic Radiology, 12(8), 965969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.022. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.91.2.276. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196323. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Psychophysiology, 45(5), 679687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2005.07.013.

Green, M. L., Aagaard, E. M., Caverzagie, K. J., Chick, D. A., Holmboe, E., Kane, G., Iobst, W. (2009). Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 526. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00526.

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eye tracking studies psychology