Earthen walls 3 feet (0.912 m) or more in height shall have a flat section at the top not less than 2 feet (0.608 m) wide. Conformity with the applicable provisions of Pressure Piping, ANSI B31 series and the provisions of this paragraph, shall be considered prima facie evidence of compliance with the foregoing provisions. Dispensing devices and nozzles for Category 1, 2, or 3 flammable liquids shall be of an approved type. 620. [44 FR 8577, Feb. 9, 1979; 44 FR 20940, Apr. Vent pipes from tanks storing Category 1 or 2 flammable liquids, or Category 3 flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 100 F (37.8 C), shall be so located that the discharge point is outside of buildings, higher than the fill pipe opening, and not less than 12 feet (3.658 m) above the adjacent ground level. "Supports." For Category 2 flammable liquids, or Category 3 flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 100 F (37.8 C), other than crude oils, gasolines, and asphalts, the fill pipe shall be so designed and installed as to minimize the possibility of generating static electricity by terminating within 6 inches (15.24 cm) of the bottom of the tank. Every tank shall be so supported as to prevent the excessive concentration of loads on the supporting portion of the shell.
6, 1979, as amended at 51 FR 25318, July 11, 1986; 58 FR 35162, June 30, 1993; 63 FR 33450, June 18, 1998; 77 FR 17891, March 26, 2012], Occupational Safety & Health Administration. An electric pilot light shall be installed adjacent to the switch if Category 1, 2, or 3 flammable liquids are dispensed within the room. Cast iron shall not be permitted. The motors of all equipment being fueled shall be shut off during the fueling operation. For tanks and storage vessels designed for pressure over 1 p.s.i.g., the total rate of venting shall be determined in accordance with Table F-10, except that when the exposed wetted area of the surface is greater than 2,800 square feet (257.6 m(2)), the total rate of venting shall be calculated by the following formula: The total emergency relief venting capacity for any specific stable liquid may be determined by the following formula: The required airflow rate of paragraph (i)(2)(v)(C) or (E) of this section may be multiplied by the appropriate factor listed in the following schedule when protection is provided as indicated. Leakage or spillage of flammable liquids shall be disposed of promptly and safely. Protection shall also be provided to prevent overpressure from any pump discharging into the tank or vessel when the pump discharge pressure can exceed the design pressure of the tank or vessel. Approved metal storage cabinets will be acceptable. Each service or fueling area shall be provided with at least one fire extinguisher having a rating of not less than 20-B:C located so that an extinguisher will be within 75 feet of each pump, dispenser, underground fill pipe opening, and lubrication or service area. Pressure vessels may be used as low-pressure tanks. The design (including selection of materials) fabrication, assembly, test, and inspection of piping systems containing flammable liquids shall be suitable for the expected working pressures and structural stresses. Vent pipes from tanks storing Category 3 flammable liquids with a flashpoint at or above 100 F (37.8 C) or Category 4 flammable liquids shall terminate outside of the building and higher than the fill pipe opening. Every inside storage room shall be provided with either a gravity or a mechanical exhausting system. When tank vent piping is manifolded, pipe sizes shall be such as to discharge, within the pressure limitations of the system, the vapors they may be required to handle when manifolded tanks are subject to the same fire exposure. "Design." "Exceptions." The minimum separation between a liquefied petroleum gas container and a flammable liquid storage tank shall be 20 feet (6.08 m), except in the case of flammable liquid tanks operating at pressures exceeding 2.5 p.s.i.g. The storage area shall be graded in a manner to divert possible spills away from buildings or other exposures, or shall be surrounded by a curb or earth dike at least 12 inches high. Vent pipe outlets shall be so located that flammable vapors will not enter building openings, or be trapped under eaves or other obstructions. Inspections. The dispensing nozzle shall be an approved automatic-closing type without a latch-open device. Category 1, 2, or 3 flammable liquids may be used only where there are no open flames or other sources of ignition within 50 feet of the operation, unless conditions warrant greater clearance. Two or more portable tanks, grouped together, having a combined capacity in excess of 2,200 gallons, shall be separated by a 5-foot-clear area. Vent outlets shall be located so that flammable vapors will not be trapped by eaves or other obstructions and shall be at least 5 feet (1.52 m) from building openings. Flammable liquids in excess of that permitted in inside storage rooms shall be stored outside of buildings in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section. Vent piping shall be constructed in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section. under emergency venting conditions. The wetted area of the tank shall be calculated on the basis of 55 percent of the total exposed area of a sphere or spheroid, 75 percent of the total exposed area of a horizontal tank and the first 30 feet (9.12 m) above grade of the exposed shell are of a vertical tank. Openings for manual gaging, if independent of the fill pipe (see paragraph (i)(4)(iv)(F) of this section), shall be provided with a vaportight cap or cover. If any tank or pressure vessel has more than one fill or withdrawal connection and simultaneous filling or withdrawal can be made, the vent size shall be based on the maximum anticipated simultaneous flow. Single wood timber supports (not cribbing) laid horizontally may be used for outside aboveground tanks if not more than 12 inches (30.48 cm) high at their lowest point. Flammable liquids shall not be stored in areas used for exits, stairways, or normally used for the safe passage of people. Inside storage rooms shall be constructed to meet the required fire-resistive rating for their use. Piping, valves, and fittings may have combustible or noncombustible linings. American Petroleum Institute Standards No. Only one factor may be used for any one tank. When low-melting point materials such as aluminum and brass or materials that soften on fire exposure such as plastics, or non-ductile materials such as cast iron, are necessary, special consideration shall be given to their behavior on fire exposure. "Earthquake areas." For Category 2 flammable liquids or Category 3 flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 100 F (37.8 C), other than crude oils, gasolines, and asphalts, the fill pipe shall be so designed and installed as to minimize the possibility of generating static electricity. F. and below that of the metal joined. In areas subject to earthquakes, the tank supports and connections shall be designed to resist damage as a result of such shocks. Portable tanks, in excess of 660 gallons, shall have emergency venting and other devices, as required by chapters II and III of The Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, NFPA 30-1969. Category 1, 2, or 3 flammable liquids shall be kept in closed containers when not actually in use. "Drainage and diked areas." Piles or groups of containers shall not be nearer than 20 feet to a building. ", "Spacing (shell-to-shell) between aboveground tanks. Where shore location would require excessively long supply lines to dispensers, tanks may be installed on a pier provided that applicable portions of paragraph (b) of this section relative to spacing, diking, and piping are complied with and the quantity so stored does not exceed 1,100 gallons (4,163.5 L) aggregate capacity. Independent water supply facilities shall be provided at locations where there is no ample and dependable public water supply available for loading partially empty tanks with water. Each independent pumping unit shall be tested periodically to insure that it is in satisfactory operating condition. "Testing." In a vertical tank the construction referred to in paragraph (i)(2)(v)(A) of this section may take the form of a floating roof, lifter roof, a weak room-to-shell seam, or other approved pressure relieving construction. Low-pressure tanks may be built in accordance with: American Petroleum Institute Standard No. Atmospheric tanks built according to Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., requirements in paragraph (i)(1)(iii)(A) of this section and shall be limited to 2.5 p.s.i.g. "Strength." Tanks and pressure vessels storing Category 2 flammable liquids, or Category 3 flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 100 F (37.8 C), shall be equipped with venting devices that shall be normally closed except when venting under pressure or vacuum conditions, or with approved flame arresters. Tubing or casing on any oil or gas wells and any piping connected directly thereto. Steel supports or exposed piling shall be protected by materials having a fire resistance rating of not less than 2 hours, except that steel saddles need not be protected if less than 12 inches (30.48 cm) high at their lowest point. or less, the outlet of vents and vent drains shall be arranged to discharge in such a manner as to prevent localized overheating of any part of the tank in the event vapors from such vents are ignited. 80-1970, for Class E or F openings. Transfer of Category 1, 2, or 3 flammable liquids from one container to another shall be done only when containers are electrically interconnected (bonded). These flow tests may be conducted by the manufacturer if certified by a qualified impartial observer, or may be conducted by an outside agency. Not more than 60 gallons of Category 1, 2 and/or 3 flammable liquids or 120 gallons of Category 4 flammable liquids shall be stored in any one storage cabinet. Openings shall be provided with approved self-closing fire doors. Materials which will react with water and create a fire hazard shall not be stored in the same room with flammable liquids. Areas in which flammable liquids are transferred at one time, in quantities greater than 5 gallons from one tank or container to another tank or container, shall be separated from other operations by 25-feet distance or by construction having a fire resistance of at least 1 hour.
Cabinets shall be labeled in conspicuous lettering, "Flammable-Keep Away from Open Flames.". Tanks not marked in accordance with the above codes shall be strength tested before they are placed in service in accordance with good engineering principles and reference shall be made to the sections on testing in the codes listed in paragraphs (i)(1)(iii)(A), (iv)(B), or (v)(B) of this section. When the vertical length of the fill and vent pipes is such that when filled with liquid the static head imposed upon the bottom of the tank exceeds 10 pounds per square inch (68.94 kPa), the tank and related piping shall be tested hydrostatically to a pressure equal to the static head thus imposed. Heating equipment of an approved type may be installed in the lubrication or service area where there is no dispensing or transferring of Category 1, 2, or 3 flammable liquids, provided the bottom of the heating unit is at least 18 inches above the floor and is protected from physical damage. Corrosion protection for the tank and its piping shall be provided by one or more of the following methods: Size of vents. If a tank is equipped with a swing line, the swing pipe shall be raised to and secured at its highest position. The fill pipe inside of the tank shall be installed to avoid excessive vibration of the pipe. Tanks shall not be permitted inside of buildings except as provided in paragraphs (e), (g), (h), or (i) of this section. Such connection shall be closed and liquidtight when not in use. This termination area and the route of the drainage system shall be so located that, if the flammable liquids in the drainage system are ignited, the fire will not seriously expose tanks or adjoining property. Quantities in excess of this shall be stored in an inside storage room. For definition of Class I, Division 1, Hazardous Locations, see 1926.449. Only approved containers and portable tanks shall be used for storage and handling of flammable liquids. At least one portable fire extinguisher having a rating of not less than 20-B units shall be located not less than 25 feet, nor more than 75 feet, from any flammable liquid storage area located outside. The rate of filling shall be at least equal to the rate of rise of the floodwaters (or the established average potential rate of rise). Dispensing units shall in all cases be at least 20 feet (6.08 m) from any activity involving fixed sources of ignition. Adequate natural or mechanical ventilation shall be provided to maintain the concentration of flammable vapor at or below 10 percent of the lower flammable limit. This function may be incorporated in the valve required in paragraph (i)(4)(iv)(B) of this section, and if a separate valve, shall be located adjacent to the valve required in paragraph (i)(4)(iv)(B) of this section. 58, Standard for Steel Underground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids, Fifth Edition, December 1961; or No. Where protection of adjoining property or waterways is by means of a natural or manmade drainage system, such systems shall comply with the following: "Diked areas." Low-pressure tanks and pressure vessels may be used as atmospheric tanks. 12B, Specification for Bolted Production Tanks, Eleventh Edition, May 1958, and Supplement 1, March 1962; No. The strength of the structure shall be adequate to resist lateral movement of a tank subject to a horizontal force in any direction equivalent to not less than 25 pounds per square foot (1.05 kg m(2)) acting on the projected vertical cross-sectional area of the tank. "Installation of outside aboveground tanks. Tanks may be built of materials other than steel for installation underground or if required by the properties of the liquid stored. "Provisions for internal corrosion." "Valves." Bulk storage of portable containers of flammable liquids shall be in a separate, constructed building detached from other important buildings or cut off in a standard manner. "Materials for piping, valves, and fittings.". Tanks built of materials other than steel shall be designed to specifications embodying principles recognized as good engineering design for the material used. Each connection to a tank inside of buildings through which liquid can normally flow shall be provided with an internal or external valve located as close as practical to the shell of the tank. 12F, Specification for Small Welded Production Tanks, Fifth Edition, March 1961. Dispensing shall be by approved dispensing units with or without integral pumps and may be located on open piers, wharves, or floating docks or on shore or on piers of the solid fill type. 12A, Specification for Oil Storage Tanks with Riveted Shells, Seventh Edition, September 1951, or No. A permissible alternate to the sill or ramp is an open-grated trench, inside of the room, which drains to a safe location. Motor vehicle, aircraft, boat, or portable or stationary engines. When more than one door is used, there shall be a rabbeted overlap of not less than 1 inch. "Protection against corrosion." Suitable means shall be taken to prevent the accumulation of flammable liquids under adjacent liquefied petroleum gas containers such as by diversion curbs or grading. The capacity of the diked enclosure shall be calculated by deducting the volume below the height of the dike of all tanks within the enclosure. At least one portable fire extinguisher having a rating of not less than 20-B:C units shall be provided on all tank trucks or other vehicles used for transporting and/or dispensing flammable liquids. This paragraph does not apply to any of the following: "Definitions." Tank foundations shall be designed to minimize the possibility of uneven settling of the tank and to minimize corrosion in any part of the tank resting on the foundation. Recommended Rules for the Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, Third Edition, 1966. Tank supports shall be installed on firm foundations. The inlet of the fill pipe shall be located outside of buildings at a location free from any source of ignition and not less than 5 feet (1.52 m) away from any building opening. They may be used outside of buildings above or below ground. Welded or screwed joints or approved connectors shall be used. Each connection to pipelines, by which equipments such as tankcars or tank vehicles discharge liquids by means of pumps into storage tanks, shall be provided with a check valve for automatic protection against backflow if the piping arrangement is such that backflow from the system is possible. Where gravity ventilation is provided, the fresh air intake, as well as the exhausting outlet from the room, shall be on the exterior of the building in which the room is located. "Load distribution." Shore tanks supplying marine service stations may be located above ground, where rock ledges or high water table make underground tanks impractical. The fill connection shall be properly identified. Where other portions of the building or other buildings are exposed, windows shall be protected as set forth in the Standard for Fire Doors and Windows, NFPA No. The design of the supporting structure for tanks such as spheres shall receive special engineering consideration. There shall be no smoking or open flames in the areas used for fueling, servicing fuel systems for internal combustion engines, receiving or dispensing of flammable liquids. Storage of containers (not more than 60 gallons each) shall not exceed 1,100 gallons in any one pile or area. The dispensing area shall be located away from other structures so as to provide room for safe ingress and egress of craft to be fueled. A readily accessible valve to shut off the supply from shore shall be provided in each pipeline at or near the approach to the pier and at the shore end of each pipeline adjacent to the point where flexible hose is attached. Special engineering consideration shall be required if the specific gravity of the liquid to be stored exceeds that of water or if the tanks are designed to contain flammable liquids at a liquid temperature below 0 deg. The foregoing provisions shall not apply when liquefied petroleum gas containers of 125 gallons (473.125 L) or less capacity are installed adjacent to fuel oil supply tanks of 550 gallons (2,081.75 L) or less capacity. "Tightness." In the case of field-erected tanks the strength test may be considered to be the test for tank tightness. Tanks inside buildings shall be equipped with a device, or other means shall be provided, to prevent overflow into the building. Storage, handling, and use of fuel oil tanks and containers connected with oil burning equipment.
Pressure vessels shall be built in accordance with the Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels, Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code 1968. The self-contained power and pumping unit shall be so located or so designed that pumping into tanks may be carried on continuously throughout the rise in flood waters from a level 10 feet (3.04 m) below the lowest tank to the level of the potential flood stage. Tanks built in accordance with these standards shall be used only as production tanks for storage of crude petroleum in oil-producing areas. or equipped with emergency venting which will permit pressures to exceed 2.5 p.s.i.g. Vents are covered in paragraph (i)(4)(ii) of this section. The tank end of the vent pipe shall enter the tank through the top. "Depth and cover." When the diameter of one tank is less than one-half the diameter of the adjacent tank, the distance between the two tanks shall not be less than one-half the diameter of the smaller tank. In addition to the preceding requirements, each tank so located that more than 70 percent, but less than 100 percent, of its allowable liquid storage capacity will be submerged at the established maximum flood stage, shall be safeguarded by one of the following methods: Tank shall be raised, or its height shall be increased, until its top extends above the maximum flood stage a distance equivalent to 30 percent or more of its allowable liquid storage capacity: "Provided, however," That the submerged part of the tank shall not exceed two and one-half times the diameter. When flammable liquid storage tanks are within a diked area, the liquefied petroleum gas containers shall be outside the diked area and at least 10 feet (3.04 m) away from the centerline of the wall of the diked area. The connection shall be properly identified. The outlet of all vents and vent drains on tanks equipped with emergency venting to permit pressures exceeding 2.5 p.s.i.g. No aboveground vertical storage tank containing a flammable liquid shall be located so that the allowable liquid level within the tank is below the established maximum flood stage, unless the tank is provided with a guiding structure such as described in paragraphs (i)(5)(vi)(M), (N), and (O) of this section. Such cabinets shall be painted inside and out with fire retardant paint. At locations where an independent water supply is required, it shall be entirely independent of public power and water supply. This test shall be maintained for a sufficient time to complete visual inspection of all joints and connections, but for at least 10 minutes. Sufficient fuel to operate the water pumps shall be available at all times to insure adequate power to fill all tankage with water. "Vent piping." 80, Standard for Steel Inside tanks for Oil-Burner Fuel, September 1963. Except as provided in paragraph (1)(2)(vii)(C)(2) of this section, the volumetric capacity of the diked area shall not be less than the greatest amount of liquid that can be released from the largest tank within the diked area, assuming a full tank. Where entire dependence for emergency relief is placed upon pressure relieving devices, the total venting capacity of both normal and emergency vents shall be enough to prevent rupture of the shell or bottom of the tank if vertical, or of the shell or heads if horizontal. "Installation of tanks inside of buildings.". Openings for gaging shall be provided with a vaportight cap or cover. Atmospheric tanks shall be built in accordance with acceptable good standards of design. Flame arresters or venting devices required in paragraph (i)(2)(iv)(F) of this section may be omitted for Category 2 flammable liquids or Category 3 flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 100 F (37.8 C) where conditions are such that their use may, in case of obstruction, result in tank damage. Structural guides for holding floating tanks above their foundations shall be so designed that there will be no resistance to the free rise of a tank, and shall be constructed of noncombustible material. Tanks to be operated at pressures below their design pressure may be tested by the applicable provisions of paragraphs (i)(7)(i) or (ii) of this section, based upon the pressure developed under full emergency venting of the tank. Such valves, when external, and their connections to the tank shall be of steel except when the chemical characteristics of the liquid stored are incompatible with steel. "Fire control for flammable liquid storage.". The flow capacity of tank venting devices larger than 12 inches (30.48 cm) nominal pipe size, including manhole covers with long bolts or equivalent, may be calculated provided that the opening pressure is actually measured, the rating pressure and corresponding free orifice area are stated, the word "calculated" appears on the nameplate, and the computation is based on a flow coefficient of 0.5 applied to the rated orifice area. Tank supports shall be of concrete, masonry, or protected steel. Where structural guides are provided for the protection of floating tanks, all rigid connections between tanks and pipelines shall be disconnected and blanked off or blinded before the floodwaters reach the bottom of the tank, unless control valves and their connections to the tank are of a type designed to prevent breakage between the valve and the tank shell.
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